PL2S140 A case study critically assessing diagnostic systems and therapeutic interventions

Introduction - PL2S140 A case study critically assessing diagnostic systems and therapeutic interventions

The psychological disorder is a type of the condition which is usually characterised by the abnormal behaviour which the person displays while working. It can also be stated as the mental condition or mental illness of the person which can impact the way the person behaves and feel. Further the comorbidity is defined as occurring of the more than one disorder or disease at a same time. There are many different types of the disease which can result in developing another disease along with the existence of the one disease. For instance, the diabetes can also lead or increase in blood pressure or vice versa. There are many different types of the diseases which can result in person affecting with another disease. Further, there are also some of the classifications relating to the diseases which are classified in different categories. The medical coding classification system includes different types of the classification which includes diagnosis process for treating the diseases. These codes include the ICD 11, DSM 5 and many other different kind of the codes which defines the treatment to the disease. The current study will evaluate the case of John who is suffering from comorbidity of depression and anxiety. After analysing the classification according to the ICD and DSM the intervention for solving the issue of John will be provided.

MAIN BODY

ICD 11

The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) 11 is the eleventh copy of revision of the International Classification of the Diseases. This is a type of the classification which includes the causes of the death along with primary care, patient safety, clinical documentation, patient safety, dermatology, mental disorder and many other different types of the diseases (Shevlin et al, 2022). This new 11^th revision includes nearly 17000 unique codes and provides for a common language which helps the healthcare professionals in standardising all the information all over the world (ICD-11 2022 release, 2025). This ICD 11 is used by 35 countries and is also available in many different languages such as English, Arabic, French, Chinese and Spanish as well. In the current case of John, he is suffering from anxiety and depression which is a part of mental disorder. Thus, according to the code of 6A00-6E8Z relates to the mental, behavioural or neurodevelopmental disorder (06 - Mental, behavioural or neurodevelopmental disorders, 2025). This particular code relates to all the mental issues which the person might face. Out of all some of them relates to the case of John. The issues faced by John included many symptom like feeling of sadness, fear of judgement, staying up late at night and thinking about past experience, skipping of social event, physically exhausted and many other related aspect (Borgogna, Owen and Aita, 2024). Hence according to ICD 11, the application of code 6B00-6B6Z relating to anxiety is also applicable. Moreover, it includes application of feeding or eating disorder as well which is covered under 6B80-6B8Z. both these relates to the situation of John as he faces issues relating to anxiety as he is not able to overcome the death of his wife and resultantly is distressed at both personal and professional level (Latas et al, 2024). Moreover, with high stress and mental issues, the appetite has become poor and is also facing the issue of lack of energy.

DSM 5

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (DSM) is a type of the reference book relating to the disorder and condition relating to mental health and brain related issues. The DSM 5 is stated as the fifth edition of this book and is the latest one which is published in 2022 (DSM-5, 2025). The purpose of using DSM is to provide a clear definition of mental health issues and groups the different condition into different group. This grouping makes it easier to the healthcare provider and accurately provide diagnosis so that patient can recover from the issue (Åkesdotter et al, 2022). According to the classification of DSM 5, the anxiety disorder is the one which can be related to the situation of John. It is due to the reason that currently, John is also facing the issue of the anxiety and as a result of this the mental health condition is impacted. After the death of his wife, John was not able to recover and resultantly high mental health was declining. Moreover, this was also impacting the professional life of him and he was not able to maintain the similar level of performance at the job which he used to have before (Ko et al, 2021). Hence, this anxiety is affecting the ability to function well and as a result the overall working is not in control of John and he is facing many different issues while living. Within anxiety as well, he is specifically suffering from two major kind of anxiety disorder which is social and separation anxiety disorder (Saha et al, 2021). Within the social disorder the person faces the issue of being judged and the fear that others are negatively judging the performance and other related aspect. Moreover, the separation anxiety disorder is the one which is faced by the person when the loved one separated. In the current case, John is separated from his wife due to death and he is not able to handle this separation and resultantly is facing the issue of anxiety and depression (Liu et al, 2021).

Evaluation of the system

With the analysis of the ICD and DSM it is clear that both the classification specifically works to classify the different related diseases together. It also aims to provide for the diagnosis for every treatment and as a result the healthcare professionals can easily follow and comply with these diagnosis well (First et al, 2021). Moreover, another similarity which is identified with the research is that both the codes are cross walking that is getting modified since its last updates. There are lot many different changes taking place in the patterns of diseases, with the advancement of technology many diagnosis methods are also included and with the continuous modification all the latest methods are included into these kind of the updates. Along with the research also highlighted that both the codes have some of the similar diseases codes for the diagnosis (Singh, Sidhu and Singh, 2021). Although the specificity might be different according to the situation of the patient but the type of method for diagnosis is similar. For instance, the code relating to the social pragmatic communication disorder and the alcohol use disorder is same in both the classification system.

With the effective research, it was also seen that there are lot many differences as well between both the system that is DSM and ICD. The most common difference is based on the purpose that is the purpose of both the codes is different. The purpose of ICD is to classify all the illness which is used by the different types of the health practitioner (Hill et al, 2022). On the other side, the DSM is majorly used by the psychiatrist for representing the codes for the mental disorder issue. On the other side, the major difference is that ICD provides for a guidance and the criteria for the diagnosis which does not includes the operational criteria. In against this, the DSM provides the accurate operational criteria which makes it different from the distinct definitions provided for every condition (ICD vs DSM - Key Differences and Similarities, 2024). Another difference is related to the credibility of the code as the ICD is an official classification which is adopted by many different countries all over the world. Whereas, the DSM is also a type of official classification but it is majorly followed by US and is adopted by many different countries as well.

Intervention 1

The intervention is defined as the treatment which is provided to the person who is facing different kind of the disease. For every disease there is a treatment which is present and the person need to follow the treatment (Lewis et al, 2022). There are different types of the treatment available for the depression and anxiety which will be assistive to the patient in providing better treatment. Based on the biological treatment, the most common intervention for treating the depression and anxiety includes giving medications for the disorders which John is facing (Markser et al, 2023). This is the most common type of the treatment which is easily available for John to take. The medication includes taking antidepressant pills which are highly recommended to treat depression. These antidepressant may take some time to work but as the medicine starts working, better relief will be provided to John. The most common antidepressant pill include SSRI and SNRI which is helpful in managing the work (Walter et al, 2023). Moreover, it also includes consuming tricyclic antidepressant which will also be helpful in providing relief from the depression.

Moreover, another type of medication is benzodiazepines which helps in reducing the panic, worry and anxiety. This kind of medicine work very quickly and it also have the potential that the person might get addicted. So it is the responsibility of the healthcare practitioner that they use them cautiously so that better treatment can be provided. This benzodiazepines includes elements like lorazepam, alprazolam, diazepam and clonazepam (Anxiety Disorders, 2025). Along with this another kind of the medication which will be assistive includes the beta-blockers which is used in reducing the physical symptoms of anxiety disorder (Dai et al, 2023). This physical symptom includes shaking, trembling, rapid heartbeat, trembling, headaches, fatigue and many others. In the current case of John he was also facing the issue of headache and fatigue and resultantly taking this medicine will help in getting instant relief.

Intervention 2

Along with the biological or pharmacological treatment there are also some non-pharmacological treatments which might support the treatment well. Many times there are situations, in which the compliance with the medicines and other medical treatment is not enough to provide for better treatment for depression and anxiety (Gao et al, 2023). Thus, in such a case, the compliance with the non-pharmacological treatment would be assistive in taking care of the patient well. Hence, it is the responsibility of the caregiver that they must effectively ensure that other psychological treatments are also provided to John. It is due to the reason that in case of John he is majorly suffering due to death of his wife and because of this he is very depressed. Thus, by complying with the talking therapy or psychotherapy can be assistive to healthcare practitioner in providing a better treatment (Soheili-Nezhad et al, 2023). This is necessary for the reason that when the frequent interaction will be made with John then it will be assistive to him to share his problem and speak openly.

The major reason for John getting depressed is that he is not talking to anyone and is not socially mixing with others (Pasman et al, 2023). In case John will be speaking his problems out then it will be assistive to him to find a better solution to overcome the grief of his wife dying. Within this, the therapist will be interacting with John and will do in-depth discussion about his feelings and thinking. With the taking, John will also feel comfortable as he is able to share his feelings and ideas and it will be assisting in managing the working better. Thus, with the help of the interactive session the healthcare professional will be in a position to understand the situation of John better and as a result effective support and care will be provided to him (Strong et al, 2022). This care and personal interaction will help John in developing social interaction with practitioner and resultantly he will be in a position to take better treatment.

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Evaluation of the interventions

With the above evaluation it is clear that both the interventions are helpful to the healthcare practitioner in providing correct treatment to John. But every aspect has some positive and some negative impact which may affect the working greatly (Gårdvik et al, 2021). With reference to the pharmacological treatment, the use of medicines will be assistive in managing and ensuring that John’s body is effectively responding to the treatment. Thus, there are chances that the depression is treated well and ultimately it will be helping John in improving the working better (Grassi et al, 2023). But along with this there are also some of the consequences of using the antidepressant and related medicines. This includes some of the side effects which the person might face. Every person is different and the reaction of their body towards the medicine is also different. Thus, consuming of antidepressant pills can result in some of the side effects which the person might face while taking the medicine (Slaby et al, 2022). These side effects can be different according to the body type of the person which may include headaches, dizziness, changes in appetite and many other changes.

Another consequence of taking up the medicines like antidepressant is that the person might get addicted to it (Meena et al, 2023). It is due to the reason that when John takes up the medicine then at that time he may feel good but as the effect of that medicine reduces then it can impact the body greatly. Hence, as a result of this John might get addicted towards the taking of medicines. This is not good for the health of John as when he will get addicted towards the medicines then continuously he will take it and as a result of this the health can be impacted greatly (Milatz et al, 2024). On the other side, the compliance with the talking therapy will be assistive as it includes more personal interaction and as a result of this the overall capability will be improved. The drawback of using the talking therapy is that while interacting, John might get agitated and as a result of this the overall session can be hampered. This is particularly because of the reason that when therapist continuously talks about the past then it might be possible that John gets frightened and ultimately the overall communication between them may affect (KO Et Al, 2021). Another consequence might that miscommunication may take place among them and as a result the situation may worsen and ultimately the overall capability is affected.

CONCLUSION

At last, it is concluded that the psychological disorder is stated as a condition of mental illness where the person is not in a position to think well and behave appropriately. In the current lifestyle there are many different types of the issues which the person faces and ultimately the working is affected and depressing situation might be faced. In the current case, John was feeling depressed due to death of his wife. Thus, as a result of this the overall working will be affected and life will be facing the issue. Above study highlighted that IDC and DCM are the major classification system which assist in identifying the disease and try to find the effective diagnosis. Moreover, the above study highlighted that compliance with clear intervention for treating the depression is needed. In the current case of John, two interventions were used that is use of medication including antidepressant and focusing on the talking therapy so that John can try to overcome the situation of depression.

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