Socioeconomic Factors And Domestic Violence A Comparative Case Study

1.0 Introduction To : Socioeconomic Factors And Domestic Violence: A Comparative Study

1.1 Introduction 

Domestic violence, also known as “intimate partner violence (IPV)”, has been defined as a consistent pattern of behavior of power and control in which one intimate partner uses this abuse to exert power over the other intimate partner. Abuse comes in many forms, including but not limited to: physical, emotional-psychological, sexual, and financial manipulations. Simply put, broadly into its definition, domestic violence is any behavior that exists within an intimate relationship causing physical, psychological, or sexual harm to the individuals involved in the relationship. It cuts across age, gender, class, and culture cutting across and might actually take the form of patterns of control in any kind of relationship people view as a domestic relationship not limited to the partnership (WHO 2012).

Maltreatment of intimate partners is considered a major concern for policymakers and health professionals as well as social workers due to the way it negatively affects people, families, and the society in general. As indicated by various researchers, there has not been evidence of domestic violence existing in any certain group of people or community. However, socioeconomic factors include low educational level, low income level, unemployment, and other relevant issues in many societies, which may help create the dynamics of domestic violence. Socioeconomic status intersects most issues associated with gender, race, and cultural norms, whereby a victim is usually made vulnerable to violence or restricted from accessing resources to escape abusive relationships. This can be seen by example- women from low-income families face more problems through domestic violence compared to women from more high-income groups (WHO 2012).

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1.1.1 Background

The main purpose of this paper is to determine if socioeconomic factors in the form of income inequality, education levels, and employment status indeed have a role to play in the prevalence of domestic violence. According to the theory, economic disadvantage and social disadvantage lead to increased stress, consequently resulting in abusive behaviour in the domestic scope. This relationship has been discussed in different theoretical models one such model is the “ecological model of violence”, which connects individual, community, and social factors with domestic abuse (Tekkas Kerman & Betrus 2020). In testing this theory, the study will check how socioeconomic variables predict the occurrence of violence within families within a given community. It will, also provide evidence-based input for policy interventions that will target root causes of abuse.

Thus, testing of the theory is quite justified because it would enable policymakers, law enforcement, and social workers to target strategies appropriately towards the elimination of domestic violence. If the theory holds up, it may be able to point out the benefits of addressing socioeconomic disparities as a form of prevention against violence, especially in disadvantaged areas (Tarzia 2021). This justification is based on the practical application of findings whereby understanding the socioeconomic dimensions of domestic violence could lead to a more effective, to analysed approach to intervention and support mechanisms for vulnerable populations. This research aims to repeat and replicate such findings on a more global scale, integrating a comparative analysis of different settings with respect to socioeconomic and cultural factors. Replication is necessary to determine whether the conclusions drawn have any robustness, as domestic violence is multi-faceted in nature and takes many forms and expressions depending on the specific local expression of socioeconomic and cultural norms (Bhochhibhoya et al. 2021). Replication will confirm whether such findings are context-specific or hold for all contexts by replicating earlier findings in new or varied contexts.

There is justification for this extension as domestic violence is known to be an outcome of multiple interplays between individual, societal, and institutional determinants. All such moderating variables can be added to the study in order to explain issues more exhaustively and to represent some critical points for intervention which have not been addressed by earlier studies (McMahon et al. 2020). Inn the time of analyses this anomaly, it is very important to resolve this and see to understand the actual role of education towards prevention of domestic violence. The understanding of education and its real relationship with domestic violence would help shape interventions that are not only framed around education as an economic tool but also as a preventive measure against abuse. For example, education is context-dependent as related to its impact on domestic violence, then future research and policy may be able to center on the design of specific educational programs that target specific risk factors within distinct socioeconomic groups.

This domestic violence is used with force, fear, or intimidation in homes, remaining among the fundamental social problems globally. Indeed, the combinations of these two variables as antecedent factors to the experience of domestic violence have been well accepted, more so about their socioeconomic predispositions (Li et al. 2020). Research has established that males from low SES, destined to become poor, jobless people with little or no education, are most likely to commit domestic acts. However, these factors on socio-economic status and domestic violence are not always directly related and may depend on the geographical area and culture. Other researches clearly indicated that poverty can worsen stress, and therefore might contribute to higher rates of violence. The core idea of this research is that socioeconomic disadvantages such as unemployment, poverty, and low educational attainments can enhance stress in the household and subsequently lead to increased violent behavior (McGirr et al. 2020). Domestically, violence is a very global issue; according to projections carried out around the world, approximately 1 in 3 females will experience some form of violence by an intimate partner during their lifetime. The “World Health Organization” reports such incidents. Countries worldwide, especially low and middle-income countries, show more instances of violence, which are often associated with increased economic instability and gender inequality. According to “National Coalition against Domestic Violence”, in United States, on average approximately nearly 20 people are physically abused by the intimate partner every minute. Much research is done to highlight whether socio-economic factors possess a connection with domestic violence or not (Goodson & Hayes 2021).

Poverty, unemployment, low education, and poverty can elevate the possibilities of IPV. The contemporary correlation with their economic hardships as well as higher rates of domestic violence in South Africa (Nassoba & Samanik 2022). In a similar study on North America, demonstrated that economic stress can affect interpersonal relations in the worst possible way, hence having higher rates of violence in low-income households. The “social stress theory” also explains this phenomenon whereby economic distress leads to stress, frustration, and conflict across relationships that heighten the likelihood of violent behavior. On the other hand, “resource theory”, which suggests that people with fewer resources, such as education, employment or income, may use violence as a way of attaining power or dominance within their relationships (Potter et al. 2021). In a sense, it explains how social and economic disadvantage can fuel abuse behavior as a compensatory mechanism against a lack of power in other spheres of life.

Figure 1: Global Report 2023: Gender Equality

(Source: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org)

1.2 Aims

In this entire study the main aim is to focus on the impact of income inequality incidence and the brutality of different kinds of domestic violence in rural and urban areas.

1.3 Research Significance

This is an essential requirement of studies linking socio-economic factors and the reported cases of domestic violence, as one of the major steps in developing preventive measures and intervening programs. This can be used by policy makers in developing specific social action plans, which may help rectify the adverse socio-economic factors associated with this act of domestic violence (Pastor-Moreno et al. 2020).

According to the “National Coalition against Domestic Violence (NCADV, 2022)”, a study reveals that economic instability makes a victim of domestic violence incapable of leaving an abusive relationship since they depend on their partner for income. Lastly, the victims from relatively low-income backgrounds are denied access to other support services such as legal aid, counseling, and safe housing to help them leave an abusive relationship. On the other hand, individuals of higher SES may have more assets, for instance, larger social capital that can be effectively applied to help recipients escape more violently intimate partner relationships into safe shelters (Packer 2021). Unemployment has also been found to be strongly correlated with domestic violence as is another factor in the socioeconomic category. Unemployment adds to tension within the house by bringing about strain in as far as finances are concerned and could escalate in to violence. As other researchers have noted, prevalence of domestic abuse tends to increase in the course of a recession or when there is high unemployment (Rao 2020). This is because a sense of economic instability would undermine one's sense of control or self-worth, prompting some individuals to exercise dominance in their relationships using violent means.

Another critical aspect influencing domestic violence is the education level. From various researches, it has been found that low level of education leaves a higher chance of being a victim or perpetrator of domestic violence (Nancarrow et al. 2020). Education educates an individual about vital aspects and equips them with knowledge and skills together with inculcating good values like gender equality, conflict resolution among others, which are the most critical aspects of reducing acts of violence in intimate relationships.

1.4 Research Problem 

The low-level key emphasis area is the main research problem that stems from prior literature acknowledging inadequate knowledge about how various SES characteristics relate to DV and how different SES factors interact. However, there is no extensive research that covers domestic violence across different societies and a theoretical review of the related literature that would aim at creating more effective ways of fighting this problem (Hardesty and Ogolsky 2020). The dissimilarities in which socioeconomic status influences domestic violence across regions and age groups create this field of research as a knowledge gap that this particular research wants to fill.

Figure 2: Gender-based and Domestic Violence

(Source: https://i0.wp.com)

Filling these knowledge gaps is essential to advancing a more nuanced understanding of how socioeconomic factors intersect with domestic violence (Mojahed et al. 2022). While we have established here that poverty and unemployment increase the likelihood of IPV, we do not know in any detailed manner how “context-specific variables” such as cultural norms, government policies, and access to resources moderate these relationships. This paper focused on filling the above gaps with comparative analysis of different socioeconomic and cultural contexts (Kneavel 2021). Through such an analysis, we could identify critical intervention points beyond simple economic solutions to ensure that prevention strategies are suited to a specific community's uniqueness (Bhalotra et al. 2021). Through it, may become able to expand our potential knowledge in filling this gap-creating more efficient and targeted solutions towards addressing domestic violence globally. Although there is much known about how socioeconomic factors influence domestic violence, much remains unknown. The role of moderating variables such as availability of social services, mental health support and legal protections needs to be much better explored. It is then unclear how much these might reduce the risk associated with socioeconomic disadvantage. However, most of the outcome literature has been focused on women only, but scarce literature examines how the macro processes operate for male victims or those in same sex unions (CG 2020). It is a direction that has not been pursued yet, as to how education might be one of the inherent aspects that play a dissimilar role across cultures and socioeconomic status on domestic violence.

1.5 Research Framework

Figure 3: Research Framework

(Source: self-created)

1.6 Summary

In this above part the entire content is aimed at making the cross-sectional comparison of selected socio-economic indicators with an attempt to correlate them to domestic violence. However, it has sought to undertake a more focused study of the nature and impact of factors such as household income, years of education, and employment status on the level of violence in different household settings. The findings of the research will be very useful for the policy-makers and practitioners, including stakeholders to learn about the influence of the socio-economic conditions on domestic violence, look at the assessment of the efforts that are in place, and find strategies that would bring improvement. The research problem underpins the improved comparability of details to address the multifaceted effects of domestic violence with respect to the socioeconomic conditions.

1.7 Objectives

• To analyses domestic violence rates in the rural and urban areas based on changing levels of all income inequality.
• To investigate all the mechanisms like economic pressure, as well as other resources that facilitate all the resources that properly meditate all the potential relationship among income inequality as well as domestic violence.
• To evaluate all kinds of effectiveness that are focused on proper support for the services and intervention of all the programs.
• To properly analyses intersectionality in domestic violence.

1.8 Research question 

1. What are the significant factors that impact the prevalence of domestic violence in the urban areas in comparison with the rural areas of any country with reference to the 'income inequality?
2. How does income inequality impact on domestic violence and in which socioeconomic groups does this take place through which processes
3. To what extent and how do support services and intervention programs prevent and/or deal with domestic violence in communities which are characterized by high levels of income inequality?

2.0 Methods

2.1 Introduction

The operational procedures used to complete the research work are described in these part under methodology. It is specific strategies which are used during the whole process of the research. Thus, this chapter will expose each phase of the strategic planning starting from concept development for the research method, powering of data gathering and analysis and result production (Ler et al. 2020). This gives the general guidance on identification and explanations of research philosophy, research design, methodologies, and strategies that will be used. The chapter of this research delineates all the operational procedures that were initiated in the study. This is achieved to ensure that the research affords enough detail to the extent that every stage reflects objectives and research questions from the introduction (Ugiagbe 2024). It include identifying the research philosophy, the approach, methods and strategies of data collection and analysis. Ethical issue and limitation are also discussed at the end of the study. This paper uses secondary data scoping review together with “Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA)” to explore the link between socioeconomic characteristics and domestic violence in various settings (Rajasinghe 2020). In reference to the process of conducting this research, this chapter concludes with a timeline.

2.2 Method Outline 

This research will be done with a clear flow of steps to be followed to achieve the laid-down objectives. The first stage involves defining both qualitative and quantitative approaches and the identification and selection of an appropriate design. After strategies are formulated, the research enters into the data collection stage, which is important because it provides the background for coming up with helpful results (Kiani et al. 2021). This, “Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA)” is used to review what secondary sources inform of the experiences of male participants and females in domestic worker relationships, and the roles of socioeconomic factors to violence. The IPA framework provides an understanding of the way that subjects’ encode and perceive experiences in the context of the Social World, which is central in this line of research.

2.3 Research Philosophy

The research philosophy supporting this study is interpretivism. Unlike positivism and structuralism, interpretivism is interested in the next of the individual within the social setting. The studies are qualitative suitable for studying domestic violence because they enable an analysis of the manner different socioeconomic factors are conceived and encountered by human beings (Yem et al. 2024). Interpretivism is suitable for qualitative investigations of delicate matters such as domestic violence because the different views of people who experience those problems can be taken into account (Alharahsheh 2020). This is especially important in understanding the working of domestic violence amongst different classes of the economy

2.4 Research Design

The research method applicable for the study is a comparative qualitative analysis. This kind of design will help make a comparison of the current qualitative data from the different sources in looking for patterns and variations in the effect of socio-economic factors on domestic violence. The studies will be performed on the case studies, literature, reviews, and reports on different regions and demographic stratum (Vila-Henninger et al. 2024). Comparative aspect makes it possible to identify trends, differences and similarities in the manner that socioeconomic factors impact on domestic violence. This design is also best suited for secondary research actions where data is collected to be analyzed and not generated (Muzari et al. 2022). Comparing and contrasting case studies, systematized literature, and official reports of various regions, the study’s objective is to reveal the impact of factors such as income and employment statuses and educations on domestic violence riskiness and processes.

2.5 Research Methods

The study uses scoping review to undertake the research as this method is recommended when researching broadly on subjects such as the interconnection of socioeconomic factors and domestic violence. Through this method, the researcher is able to screen for important themes and shortcomings in the existing literature (Lochmiller 2021). A scoping review is recommended for secondary data analysis since it essays the use of diverse sources such as government reports, academic studies and statistical databases. IPA is then used to analyze the gathered data after the secondary data has been collected from the given sources (Manu and Akotia 2021). IPA is concerned with the ways in which people from diverse social backgrounds perceive domestic violence thus making it fit for use in this research.

2.6 Approach of the research 

The study used inductive research, which is ideal when concerning itself with a wide ranging social phenomena like domestic violence and its relationship. This research adopts an inductive approach that is by definition dominant in qualitative research. An inductive type of theory formation, derives the theory from the data as opposed to the hypothesis testing. In essence, in inductive research, the goal is to build theory or test theories based on available evidence (Kumaran et al. 2021). This type of research is more data driven, it means that when the research is analyzing the data that was collected, they are likely to discover more theories, theories that would have perhaps not been well explained in hypothesis driven research.

Regarding the second research approach, the inductive one, the data are gathered from various kinds of sources, such as statistical databases, qualitative interviews, and case study. All the care is taken to find out the periodicity and contiguity of the links between the socio-economic characteristics and domestic violence occurrences (Choirunnisa and Mandasari 2021). Using this approach allows for the analysis of the ways in which different facets of the social structure bear on and affect domestic violence rates and serve to help create theory based on actual data. This is most suitable for this study because the connection between SES indicators and IPV is sensitive and nuanced. The inductive is free from bias because the researcher does not have predetermined ideas on what he or she wants to find; hence the discovery is made from the data collected (Sibeoni et al. 2020). However, through the examination of secondary data the research develops propositions on factors relating to socio-economic status and domestic violence not well conceptualized in prior research.

2.7 Strategy of research

The archival method utilized in this study involves collection of secondary data from government publications and reports, academic journals and databases, key statistics and other published data. The study of archives also has low costs since it does not require the generation of primary data that are often expensive to gather. The main method of data collection in archival research involves documents and materials in both paper. The government reports, academic papers, historical statistics of crimes, and socioeconomic surveys (Pratiwi and Ayu 2020). These sources offer a strong base of data relevant for the analysis of time series changes and cross-sectional relationships between the specified indicators of SES and domestic violence.

This paper’s use of archival data makes it easy to determine longitudinal trends, which the study employs to analyses the change in the nature of the relationship between SES and domestic violence. It also enables comparison with different sections within the same gender or across different geographical areas, which enriches the produced information. This strategy is especially important in the longitudinal studies, as the researcher is able to see varieties and changes through the time span (Argyres et al. 2020). Secondary data also enable the comparison of one region or group with another, and there can be no doubt that, in order to understand the connection between socioeconomic factors and domestic violence, such comparisons are required. As such, this research can help effectively derive fresh knowledge about the manner in which socioeconomic characteristics influence intimate partner violence across settings from the findings in the existing literature.

2.8 Data collection process

Data collection for this study is, therefore, mainly secondary, since data used has already been collected for the study, as seen in analyzing various socioeconomic attributes to the challenge of domestic violence. The collection of secondary data, therefore, comes in handy since one finds it advantageous in saving time; at the same time, it can give a lot of information. Information is gathered from existing studies, written reports, produced databases through official bodies and other documented sources which have used many researchers to present the information (Yem 2024). The first step of the research would be to identify and conduct a literature review of the available data-sets that host the information regarding socio-economic factors and domestic violence.

The secondary research data mainly comprise of statistical data, government statistics data, survey data and docketed crime statistics data. This process has been based on the guidelines of a scoping review which entails a general search of the literature. Lower income, unemployment or under employment, low education levels, housing insecurity, and limited access to social services are part of the secondary data gathered (Taherdoost 2021). All these socioeconomic factors are then compared and contrasted with prevalence of domestic violence. The advantages that the application of secondary data provide include, the advantages of secondary data include: The data is juxtaposed to pin-point patterns and deviations of how these sociological variables affect domestic violence in different settings (Clare et al. 2021). The results obtained with the help of this process will bring contributions to the development of knowledge about realities in the relationship between socioeconomic factors and domestic violence, thus providing a ground for making evidence-based conclusions and recommendations.

2.9 Ethical Consideration

The research into socioeconomic factors and domestic violence applies methods that emphasize participants' rights, integrity, and confidentiality at all stages. In carrying out this study, there are a number of ethical considerations that are put into play to ensure all procedures are ethical and participants' data is handled with respect. The key ethical considerations are outlined as follows: Key among these ethical considerations will be:

1. Informed Consent:

To employing secondary data, ethical consideration mention that all source of data collection collects the participant’s consent. The identification of this information countertops consents granted at the time of data collection

3. Confidentiality and Privacy:

It clearly states that the study will be conducted in total respect for measures of respondent anonymity and does not share any of the personal details of the respondents (Skinner et al 2021). Furthermore, the interviews will be conducted in a manner that assures keeping the identity of participants unknown, and their data is coded in such a way that it can never be traced back to the participant.

4. Non-Harmful Practices:

The participant risks of this research are negligible because this study does not require the engagement of the participants (Peverill et al. 2021). However, the researcher ensures that the study catches the attention of participants cautious of the sensitive nature of the study and the emotional distress the researcher may experience while immersed in the study; the researcher thus takes a break every time s/he experiences emotional distress.

5. Non-Discrimination:

Most of the elements of research procedure disallow all forms of discrimination. Any subject in which the research participates is treated as and regarded as fairly as any other participant of the study concerning their rights and worth.

6. Integrity and Honesty:

The research upholds full integrity, in that; the act of manipulating data and/or fabricating results is completely frowned upon. It is immensely important to avoid falling short of giving out inaccurate results (Ngozwana, 2018). The research does not compromise on its standards of academic integrity by fudging data or making any imaginary results.

2.10 Time plan

Figure 4: Timeline

(Source: self-created)

2.11 Summary

This chapter gives the overview of the overall study area with the broad approaches, research paradigms, plans, procedures and types of research to be adopted by the researchers. It clearly shows how all these components are used to fulfil the research objectives. The section on Methodology not only describes the general flow of activities that would enable the researcher to achieve the research objectives but also details the various tasks that would be involved in the conduct of research right from planning to data collection and analysis. In the same regard, the chapter defines such stages and outlines the ethical considerations taken into account during the research process as well as the limitations of the selected research approaches.

3.0 Results

3.1 Introduction

This research aims at understanding how different components of the SES play a role in domestic violence, and how the effect of economic stress, resources, gender, and culture factors influence Forms of TDV in intimate partnerships. Through the themes like economic hardship, absence of social support, and male dominance that control women’s economical powerlessness, the study reveals different pressures, which maintain violent household environments. These chapter are based on the Feminist Theory, The Economic Stress Model, Ecological Systems Theory and the Power and Control Theory the article offers an excellent description of the problem as a system and an acknowledgement of the need for a multi-disciplinary approach when addressing the problem of domestic violence.

3.2 Result and Analysis

Potential Themes

Economic Stress and Domestic Violence:

Economic factors are a key determinant of domestic violence as most families fight over limited resources to make ends meet. The economic stress can easily bubble over when families are in poverty, unemployed, or when living from paycheck to paycheck to pay for necessities like food, clothing, shelter, and healthcare (Postmus et al. 2020). These emotions therefore are realized through use of aggression and this is Fran especially when individuals are financially stressed.

For instance, areas which had been hard hit by the 2008 global financial crisis, many families gave escalating rates of violence within homes. All the potential pressures concerning family roles and income with men as fathers bearing the brunt of the problem because their role in the marriage was to provide for the family. When a man cannot support his household or family, he feels castrated and to regain its control and assert its dominance it will lash out with aggression.

Interpretation: It is a relief that economic stress increases risks in intimate partnerships. It reduces the chances of victims fleeing the abuse through aid from the law courts or shelters, or relocation. Additionally, the perpetrators may also use economic hardship to dominate their spouses by setting financial barriers to the victims (van Gelder & Oertelt-Prigione 2024). Essentially, this theme posits that poverty and economic vulnerability should be incorporated into the approaches used to eliminate domestic violence since effort should be made to include social welfare programmers, unemployment benefits and financial counseling to domestic violence prevention interventions.

Access to Resources and Support

Socioeconomic status regulates a victim to the extent of access to the resources and support services available. The individuals struggling financially are not only stigmatized because of their financial situation, but they also come to various agencies loaded with the barriers to avail help of a lawyer, qualified doctor, warm shelter or counseling services (Sauber & O’Brien 2020). Lack of adequate funds limits one’s ability to pay for an attorney, to get a ride away from an abusive situation, and other variables such as discrimination or the slow and unyielding bureaucracy to additional barriers that create more separation for the victims.

One practical application can be explained with the help of an example and involves the situation in the countryside of the developing countries, say sub-Saharan Africa where the SAs escaping from domestic violence, may have no possibility to address a specialist due to the lack of money and distances they have to travel (Arenas Arroyo et al. 2020). For example, women in the villages of Ghana who suffer economic violence might lack money to formally report the matter or even leave abusive relationships because institutions are found in resource-poor contexts and situated in remote areas.

Interpretation: This lack of resources extends different abusive situations because it keeps victims in patterns of abuse. There are limitations set by the abusers that may mean further withdrawal from access to support for those targets in need of help (Bhalotra et al. 2021). This problem must be solved through enhancing the supply and utilization of services in those disadvantaged areas. Authorities and organizations must emphasize on availability and accessibility of care, for example in the form of mobile clinics, hotlines including pro-bono lawyer services in several rural areas.

Impact of Gender Norms and Economic Dependency

Discriminative gender roles especially in patriarchal societies are known to contribute to domestic violence because they foster economic subordination to men. Education then has women fit for domestic duties and men as providers (Alkan et al. 2021). Such an economic dependence of women earns them little capability to resist the abuse that they suffer from their male counterparts. Economic insecurity as well as cultural expectation in regard to family irresponsibility compels many women to stay in abusive relationships.

For instance, in most of the SAEC countries including India and Pakistan, women are most likely to be economically motivated by their husbands because of cultural and societal bans on employment of women (Friedline et al. 2021). In these cultures, abandonment or separation not only is considered shameful and immoral by any woman, but also the women are economically illiterate or unable to seek employment.

Interpretation: The dominant role of women equally with men and their economic dependence make it easy for abusers to use when exercising their authority. Co-dependent women are more likely to stay in an abusive relationship because they lack an income or can easily be financially crippled by their abusers if they report abuse and seek help (Davila 2021). In time to solve this problem means opening up education and job training and employment opportunities to women. It also requires transforming patent gender norms calling for joint responsibility in managing household affairs and adopting gender equality while approaching the issue as being fundamentally rooted in domestic violence.

Cultural and Socioeconomic Contexts

It is shown that the culture and the level of SES are two important factors that explain the further continuation of domestic violence. Culturally, there is always the belief in numerous poor neighborhoods that use of force is okay in managing the members of the family (Almış 2020). These norms, coupled by deteriorating living standards escalate tougher conditions that condone domestic violence within the community.

For instance, research done among the rural women in Nepal has revealed that the violence within homes is regarded as a personal issue with strong cultural and.

Economic undertones (Krigel & Benjamin 2021). The author also explains that victims of violence may not report violence since there are strong cultural norms on the issues that should not leave the house. However, factors such as lack of dowry products, lack of provision of financial support to extended families are some of the economic factors that make unleashing of violence on the female partner possible.

Interpretation: In these cultures domestic violence is regarded primarily as a result of what collective culture dictates and secondly as people fears of being financially unstable. To address this problem, there is a need for culturally appropriate programmers and policies to reclaim tradition as a means for change for gender equality and women’s economic advancement (Eggers Del Campo 2022). Interventions seeking to address domestic violence have to engage the society and replace the existing paradigms that support violence against women with better ones women need to be empowered with financial instruments to fend for themselves. This paper also demonstrates that administrative interventions that seek to address the cultural aspect of domestic violence alongside the economy are likely to be more fruitful in reversing the vice.

Potential Theories

Feminist Theory

The principles of feminist perspective, family violence is attributed to hierarchical power relations between both male and female, and other gender inequalities. In this theory it is considered that domestic violence is not an individual problem, but a social one, inherent not only in the present but also in the past which saturates the structure of gender relations with power in the hands of men and submission on the part of women (Fajardo-Gonzalez 2021). These gendered power relations are frequently backed up by the economic dependency so that women have no money to support themselves and therefore cannot escape violent relationships.

For instance, in many traditional cultures especially the retro gender roles in many cultures follow the norm that, the man is supposed to work and provide while the woman is supposed to keep house and take care of the children. This compels women into these immoral deeds hence enhancing economic dependence hence they lack the ability to make their own earnings (Malik et al. 2021). In this case, abusers take advantage of the dependency making utensils such as money, withholding a job, or considering and deciding how the cash will be spent as tools for developing abuse. An example that illustrates this scenario can be seen in many places of the world today, including Asian and Middle Eastern nations that are conservative.

In these places, women are usually economically compilers of their husbands and by culture and tradition, they are expected to endure any situation no matter how bad it is in marriage. Women have a culture that does not appreciate divorce, and leaving an abusive husband is shameful for both the woman and her entire family (Tur-Prats 2021). This, compounded by the economic circumstance, keeps women in abusive relationships because they cannot be employed, lose their jobs, or be denied custody of their children.

Interpretation: According to feminist theory, family violence is endemic because societies have integrated processes that subjugate women economically and socially. Feminist theory also emphasizes on group offset, which requires reform within the existing social perception of segregation, money earning for women and their fundamental rights (Marshall 2020). Civilian protection, social welfare, and effective legislation promotion and legislation are important strategies, key intervening points if the cycle of violence in domestic abuse is to be discontinued.

Economic Stress Model

While stating that families that experience economic stress constituting unemployment, poverty and financial pressure have, within them, strains that may lead to conflict and therefore domestic violence, the Economic Stress Model (Beyene et al. 2023). The theory says that discontent and tension in relationships arises from feelings of economic insecurity and may lead to abuse. Stress related to economic pressure erodes families and psychological health, thus leading to one’s poor management of stress.

But the most important factor relating to domestic violence is unemployment, especially but not limited to young women (McMaughan 2020). For instance, in cultures where it is believed that the man should be the breadwinner for his family, then being fired from work means that they cannot provide for their family, which renders a man and that’s which they must exercise power by degrading their spouse. 

The best example of the shown “Economic Stress Model” was seen during the 2008 financial crisis in the United States. The investigations revealed the fact that rates of domestic violence rose where the effects of the recession were most pronounced (Lian et al. 2021). Layoffs, home foreclosures, and economic uncertainty were defined to predict levels of stress which lead to marital conflict and violence. Similar observations were made during the COVID-19 pandemic: the economic difficulties, quarantines, and limiting measures led to an increase in domestic violence worldwide; women with children, being locked in their homes with the abuser and deprived of financial and social support.

Interpretation: The “Economic Stress Model” points out that economic factors should not be overlooked in attempting to prevent domestic violence because of their connection to this type of violence. Teach employers to develop and support ­victims; offer money for jobless people, and other benefits might help to prevent domestic violence because all the mentioned factors decrease the level of stress that leads to conflicts (Chalyi et al. 2021). They found that another facet of public policies that target poverty and financial protection is important in promoting safety for families. It also notes that these services need to be provided through other satellite programs such as counseling services for mental health issues or financial products that offer handling stress without resulting to violence.

Ecological Systems Theory

The ecological systems theory focuses on how an individual is affected by a complex system of relationships based on the theory advocated by “Urie Bronfenbrenner” that comprises microsystem- that is the family and interpersonal relationships and microsystem, which deals with large scale structures of society. This theory enables the interpretation of domestic violence, because it takes into account a vast number of aspects in the environment: the socioeconomic state of the household, the functioning of the family, the resources available in the community, culture and legislation.

Combs’ Ecological theory asserts that family violence is a compilation of several factors from different systems that are interrelated. For example, at the microsystem or family level, causes of domestic violence might include economic pressure, job loss and alcoholism, etc. Mesosystem level interfaces work, family and other relations physically regulate/amplify violence based on the amount of support from such a system. The ecosystem in the down-draught refers to elements of community and other people in a child’s life that include services, employment opportunity, and legal system all of which either protect or contribute to violence. Last of them, the microsystem level, encompasses the norms of the society, culture and legal standards against which the phenomenon of domestic violence takes place.

An example of Environmental Segment Systems Theory in the real world can be noted regarding the rural women in the developing countries where rates of the domestic violence are high because of poverty, illiteracy, no access of health care services and accepting male dominance or in other words women beating is acceptable by the culture of the respective country. For example, Kauai women from the rural areas of Nepal live in migrant households and they are vulnerable to domestic violence.

Interpretation: According to the “Ecological Systems Theory”, domestic violence is best addressed from a system perspective where a number of levels of influence ranging from the intimate couple level to the level of community must be targeted. This implies that unlike what has been adopted in most interventions where only the victims and the offenders are targeted along with their behavior, it also targets other aspects of a person's environment which may include poverty, illiteracy and weak or no legal protection at all. It also requires a comprehensive intervention strategy for domestic violence prevention; enhancing economic resources, enhancing social support and providing model change.

Power and Control Theory (Duluth Model)

This theory is the foundation for Duluth Model; Power and Control Theory postulates that violence in the context of intimate relationships is the means by which the perpetrator dominates and dominates his victim. This theory categorizes various types of abuse with details on economical abuse, emotional abuse, isolation, threat, and physical abuse are used to dominate the victim (Norton 2023). The main significance is the economical one and that is because it takes away the possibility of the victim being financially independent. They will not be able to escape the situation easily or seek help.

In violent relationships, the violence tends to involve disregarding the use of financial resources for example, denying the victims pocket money and limiting their ability to work or poisoning their chances of getting a job. This financial control leads to vulnerability and the inability of the victim to escape the abusive relationship because of the financial flow that comes with it he or she needs it to fend for herself or children (Wagers et al. 2021). The “Power and Control Processes” that is part of the The Duluth model is the graphical tool that demonstrates how the batterers exercise power over the victims; economic abuse occupies a central position in this model.

An example of this theory is situations when the abusers control their partners’ access to the money in the bank or refuse to let the partners get education and find a job. It is common knowledge that many domestic abuse victims are stripped of financial control; they are given a limited amount of money or have to justify every penny they spend, this is how an abuser cages a victim financially (Maldonado & Murphy 2021). One woman from the United Kingdom remained in an abusive marriage because her husband withheld money and ended controlling all the financial aspects of their home including the bills, she didn’t even have money to hire a lawyer. 

Interpretation: The Power and Control Theory gives attention to the use of economic control, pointing that the aggressors keep the victims held through financial subjugation. From it, one may deduce that fighting domestic violence entails any form of assist-ance to victims needed to make them economically self-sufficient. It also calls for legal safeguards for economic abuse in the form of joint account access, property and financial help (Alkan et al. 2021). Through an emphasis on the dominance of the abuser in any relationship, the “Duluth Model” offers greater insights into the various strategies of control used by the offenders together with the economic aspects in dealing with domestic violence.

3.3 Summary

It is for this reason that the studies confirm the complexity of the issue by considering domestic violence as linked to both socio-economic issues and gendered regime, as well as cultural roles and expectations. These factors relieve and clarify how and why poverty, gender-based disadvantages and limited access to resources to report and manage abuse increase the risks of abuse. Preventive measures need to address such structural factors about these women; financial enfranchise, legal recourse, and social support. Both cultural competence, and gender and economic policies comprise the ultimate solution to the roller coaster effect. It is therefore apparent that progress in domestic violence can be made only if both the economic powerlessness and the proliferation of unhealthy culture about the roles of women in society are realized and tackled.

4.0 Discussion 

4.1 Introduction

Domestic Violence is a complex phenomenon that has social, economic and cultural background and it is strongly related to gender roles. This are briefly summarizing the results of the previous chapter. This can identify several core factors that are interconnected and inform the acts of domestic violence, namely economic pressure, resource availability, gender roles, and culture. In Chapter 3, the author provides a more complex analysis of these themes with regard to domestic violence and potential consequences for various interventions and policy amendments, as well as their relationships. In light of the theoretical frameworks discussed earlier in this discussion such as “Feminist Theory”, the “Economic Stress Model”, “Ecological Systems Theory” and the “Power and Control Theory”, this discussion will endeavor to understand domestic violence and recommend a way forward.

4.2 Discussion 

4.2.1 Economic Pressure and Marriage Violence

Poverty and financial hardships come out as another important issue as a root and/or sustaining cause of partner abuse. Whenever families are faced with an element of poverty, the basic needs of life for example food, clothing, shelter and healthcare become a problem (McDermott 2020). The feelings of anger result from failure to meet financial needs and are especially evident in marriages where the conventional male roles define them as breadmakers.

An example from practical use can be the global financial crisis of the year 2008. Mortgages and other basic needs put pressure on many families and of course when families are out of jobs and have no sources of income, we see a surge in cases of violence within homes. Studies in the worst affected regions showed that the common syndrome among many of the men was the perceived castration and lack of potency since their livelihood roles had been dramatically compromised (Apatinga & Tenkorang 2021). In an effort to regain dominance, some of the interviewed women and men had physically assaulted their partners. Such results support the “Economic Stress Model” which holds that economic difficulty may result in disruption of familial bonds, poor psychological wellbeing and increased conflict and abuse. 

4.2.1.1 Interpretation of Economic Stress and DV 

Patterns linking economic stress with domestic violence mean that financial support should be included in DV prevention frameworks. Lack of financial resources puts a strain on the family, raising tension in all conflict ridden families, leaving them with little resources to engage in civil ways to resolve disputes. In such cases, the victims cannot even think of leaving the abusive partners because they have no other means to fend for themselves and their families or they lack houses to turn to (Sheikhbardsiri et al. 2020). Economic abuse may also involve the use of poverty in an unhealthy relationship so that the victim is unable to leave the abusive home.

In response to these concerns, financial capital should be considered an important protective factor in domestic violence interventions. They can be funding options, employment support projects and unemployment payments aimed to help ease some of the poverty factors that lead to wife battering (Sharma et al. 2020). For instance, training and employment for prospective long-term employment that seeks to assist persons in acquiring skills for stable employment could also contain income orientations in the household by ensuring that the household did not rely on income from only one source to meet its needs and hence could not afford to engage in stress-related conflicts.

These are also building partnerships with employers and local businesses to ensure employment for the victims of DV would make an incredible difference. For instance, partnerships with social services and the corporate world can unlock a noble route that will help survivors attain self-employment rather than being dependent on an abusive partner (Yuan & Hesketh 2021). These encompassing “Financial Literacy Interventions” effectively decrease financial duress and provide actionable tools to free oneself from the toxic circumstance; they promote sustainability. 

4.2.2 Access Organizational Support

The availability of help in kinds of products and services is yet another important element in the liberation of victims, for these there are rights to legal aid, healthcare, shelters and counseling among others. Socio-economic status is rather paramount given the numerous barriers that the lower SES people experience when in the quest of these services (Mondal & Paul 2021). This is because in addition to the legal fees in the case, means of transport and the social status of relying on assistance makes it even harder. The victims may not afford an attorney, they may not find a safe place to live because of their traumatic experiences or lack the finances to pay for medical and psychological services.

One of the best examples of these barriers could be discussed with referencing rural and economically developed areas including most African states within the sub-Saharan region. In these areas, victims of DV do not have the readily available support services since the surrounding areas are generally exclusion zones associated with geographic desolation, poverty, and minimal access to infrastructure (Calvi & Keskar 2023). For example, in Ghana’s rural villages, those women who experience economic violence hardly have the rights to report cases of abuse or even dump their partners. 

4.2.2.1 Constraints of Resource Availability

If victims are allowed little access to resources, they have little chance of getting assistance or fleeing from situations that are unsafe. The former is minimized because abusers take advantage of these limitations to continue isolating the victims and denying them any kind of contact and support from the external world, and having the victims become even more dependent on the abusers for basic things such as money for survival (Gausman et al. 2020). This form of control leads to a culture of fear, where a victim is forced to take a life in a prison-like situation.

The authorities and non-governmental organizations must work on increasing the opportunities for services in the areas that lack it and are more focused on disadvantaged and rural individuals. It is for this reason that pro mobile clinics, helplines and availability of legal services can go a long way in ensuring the victim’s accessibility in remote areas. 

For instance, all the hospitals that can perform psychological and legal aid work do it by visiting the rural areas where the victims are, and may be provided with the necessary materials to help them make better decisions (Bhalotra 2020). However, government and non-governmental organizations could employ transport incentives or provide transport facilities for those victims who may need to honor court sessions or counseling sessions.

The model would also consist of the need to promote partnerships between local governments and international organizations to relieve shortages of resources. Funding created for shelters, legal centers and specialized health care facilities for the survivors of domestic violence can be assisted. 

4.2.3 Gender Related Norms and Capital and Economic Dominance

Culture especially in societies that adhere to the male chauvinistic principle play a major role in enhancing the results of domestic violence because they lock women financially to their husbands. Economics determines that many of these women have no means of escaping the abuse they face from their partners because to leave or get a new job they have to find new sources of income.

In India and Pakistan, for example, culture complements economics by condemning women to economic powerlessness and isolating divorcees (Arenas Arroyo et al. 2020). When women seek to escape abuse or domestic violence they are psychologically isolated and economically vulnerable because most have received no formal education or training to make them self-employed. In the cultural context the women are expected to be loyal to their families and thus any uprising conflict is blamed on the woman regardless of the man’s misconduct.

4.2.4 Cultural and Socioeconomic Factors

The subjects’ culture and SES affect their attitudes toward domestic violence significantly. Meanwhile, there are constantly accepted or dismissed as acceptable practices where one spouse pitted against the other to signify dominance by force (Fajardo-Gonzalez 2021). These norms together with hard economic times result in situations whereby; acts of Gender based violence become accepted norms in society.

Similarly, the study done in rural areas of Nepal establishes the fact that women suffering from domestic violence consider it as a personal family affair due to cultural norms that frown at any form of assistance. Such attitudes are culturally attributed to the tendency of the family to keep all family problems to themselves, and the oppressive economic position of women in the society (Krigel & Benjamin 2021). The other economic factors include the failure to produce dowry or remunerative incentives for other family members, put pressure on relationships and most of the cases lead to violence.

 4.2.4.1 Place of the Ecological Systems Theory and Cultural Norms

The “Ecological Systems Theory” is used as a frame of reference to assess the culture and social, economic factors regarding the case of domestic violence. This theory has been described by Bronfenbrenner. These are primarily, describes how people are influenced by developmental systems in their microsystem on up through macrosystem. This article therefore considers domestic violence not as a unique behavior but as a product of the multifaceted relationships between these systems (Stöckl et al. 2021). To properly understand domestic violence patients from this angle therefore needs approaches that focus on different levels of impact. Cultural activities such as owning leadership forums to expound on gender related issues and DV can assist change cultural perception towards gender roles.

Thus, governments and NGOs should carry out the promotion of efficient programs intended for the educational institution and community centers regarding non-stereotyped perceptions of male and female roles and expectations. Support and job training for these economically vulnerable women from these areas will also decrease their reliance on violent spouses while also building up their self-esteem.

4.2.5 Control and Power aspects in domestic violence

The “Power and Control Theory” as put in the “Duluth Model” seeks to explain that domestic violence is a deliberate act of power used by the perpetrator to control his/her victim. This model categorizes different forms of abuse with physical abuse, emotional abuse, and even economical abuse all of which seeks to perpetuate the dominance of the abuser (Hing et al. 2022). Another type of abuse that should be mentioned is economic abuse since it immediately controls the victim’s economic opportunities and makes her stay with the abuser as she has no money to support herself.

Economic abuse is a common and manipulative strategy used to continue the appalling act of domination in a relationship. This can range from, withholding money from the victim, to restraining him or her from finding a job, or even interfering with attempts to become financially independent. Survivors are sometimes given what little money they have and asked to explain every spend, which makes it almost impossible for the said survivor to find a way out of the abusive home, a financial trap (Woodlock et al. 20210). A real life example which can be cited is that of a woman in the United Kingdom who stayed in an abusive relationship because her husband was the only one handling the family’s cash. She possessed no money and was financially incompetent to seek legal help or to create own living space.

4.2.5.1 Economic Control in Domestic Violence

In discussing the economic dimensions of authority within abusive partnerships, one has to offer both legal and social solutions. It is important that economic abuse should be protected in law, giving those in need access to joint assets, funds, or opportunities for self-sufficiency (Havard & Lefevre 2020). Domestic violence legislation that makes specific reference to economic abuse is a good starting point in recognising and holding perpetrators of such abuse in the family regulation laws.

There should also be an emphasis on the restoration of the financial capacity of the victims of social programs. Temporary shelters, job placement assistance, and education classes can help victims gain all the tools necessary to leave an abusive relationship. 

According to the “Power and Control Theory” proposed, there is the hope in a more comprehensive strategy in the fight against DV one that takes into consideration the psychological and the economical powerlessness of women (Nassoba & Samanik 2022). For victims to get their financial independence and reduce the cycles of DV the Social power relations that allow the occurrence of economic abuse have to be changed.

4.2.6. Intervention for theoretical implications 

Domestic violence integrated with the use of “Feminist Theory, Economic Stress Model, Ecological Systems Theory and Power and Control Theory” provides a good framework for its handling (Katz et al. 2020). This confirms the fact that every theory focuses on different but linked factors that surround the issue in question making it clear that it will require approaches at various levels.

4.2.6.1 Prevention Strategies Involving other Disciplines

It is one of the critical importance for all interventions for domestic violence to include economic, legal, social or cultural. Services which are offered by unemployment benefits, training programs and finances that enforce personal finance courses are crucial in decreasing financial vulnerability. 

4.3 Summary

This study has established how social economic status, culture and gender play a crucial role in domestic violence. Pervasive economic issues, scarce resource availability, and strict gender roles offer conditions in which DV is encouraged. Some of the theories include “Feminist Theory”, “Economic Stress Model”, “Ecological Systems Theory” and the “Power and Control Theory” all of which show how domestic violence is systematic and is likely to require systematic solutions.

The issue of financial assistance, legal changes, as well as providing victims with social services, the latter needs to be empowered to leave abusive situations. If community and economic aspects are considered together, it becomes easier for lawmakers and other activists to facilitate the change in the victim’s support and improve the future combative efforts towards domestic violence. The road to eliminating domestic violence is through reviewing the entangled economic, societal and cultural causes of abuse, and promoting the safety and respect of all.

5.0 Conclusion 

5.1 Introduction 

In domestic Family violence is a complex social phenomenon having diverse economic determinants. Research shows that in the UK, people with high income earners tend to record low rates of domestic violence. However, income arrangements and resource acquisition are not homogeneous and domestic violence is rarer in rural areas than in urban areas. Cities portray economic stress and isolation as determinants of the vulnerable groups, whereas AIDS in rural territories is caused by restrictions in access to services and stereotype fields. The dissimilarities have highlighted the importance of integrated, sensitive approaches to manipulate the social and economic determinants of domestic violence.

5.2 Linking with objectives

Objective 1: Analyze Domestic Violence Rates in Rural and Urban Areas Based on Income Inequality 

The level of domestic violence differs depending on the rural or urban status of the area and income disparity is a main factor. The economic stress and the inequalities that women experience in large cities of the Third World means that they may stay with abusive men because of the money despite the lack of job skills and networks (Carnevale et al. 2020). Rural regions, even if they provide lower inequality, nonetheless have higher DV rates due to isolation, few resources, and reverence of tradition. In urban areas marked by income inequalities that foster tension and emasculation and rural areas characterized by scarce resources and social isolation that sustains abuse.

Objective 2: Examine the Correlates of Economic Pressure and Domestic Violence 

The financial stability, availability of resources and job security were significantly related to level of stress in families and hence DV. Um divided mental health and legal services, Inspecve Low income Groups such as Okeke, Bello, and Maduka nexus concurs with Um noting that low income suppresses intervention approaches thereby amplifying the availability of mental health services (Postmus et al. 2020). There are also clearly states that financial instabilities and absence of services lead to intra- household competition and, therefore, conflicts. These economic stressors are found to show how scarce resources and income inequalities foster DV hazards.

Objective 3: Assess Provision of Support Services and Intervention programs

The analysis of DV support service accessibility, quality and efficiency in targeting needy clients highlights shortage of services for economically disadvantaged persons. Research (Chernet & Cherie, 2020) emphasizes evaluating services’ provision available for individuals with a low income and strengthening the approaches. Information on these interventions is paramount to the prevention of DV associated with economic factors.

Objective 4: Properly analyzes intersectionality in domestic violence

Changes in DV rates through restricting employment and access to education and income, such that there is the least dependence on a partner’s income, may be possible through government policies (Keynejad and Grose 2021). The use of such policies relieves the financial burden affecting the economy by preventing conditions that cause DV. Through evaluations of these policies, this research will make aspirations clearer with regards to when and how income inequality can help prevent domestic violence.

5.3 Recommendation

1. Rural vs. Urban Domestic Violence Rates

In the time of analyzing the rates of domestic violence by the place of residence, it is necessary to look at the dynamics of income differences in rural and urban environments. The same government statistics concerning DV by income and geographical regions should be properly considered while prescribing programs for support. 

2. Addressing income inequality role in Domestic Violence 

An exploration of possible strategies to address the problem of DV together with the role of income inequality in this process (Heron et al. 2022). A financially constrained person cannot easily leave an abusive relationship. The study should take a cab driver's perspective regarding poverty, resource deficits and financial vulnerability as determinants of DV. 

3. Effectiveness of Support Services and Interventions 

Food security, counseling, emergency shelters and sexual assault victims identify existing voids and provides better services to the vulnerable. The improvements of the interventions will be made to increase the efficiency of targeting the identified population groups by CBOs.

4. Properly analyzes intersectionality in domestic violence 

This policy suggests a direction on how inequality as a social determinant of health can be reduced, so that society is more egalitarian, however, the focus is on the elderly adults. In the time of analysis of all effectiveness of the income inequality policy, employment security policy, and education policy it would be possible to know their impacts on the rates of DV (Travers et al. 2021). Enforcing the policies might help in minimizing some of the economic factors that cause DV.

5.4 Summary 

Domestic violence cannot be addressed without taking into consideration issues of income, resources and policies. Hence, comprehensive programmers, better resources and sound legislative frameworks are relevant issues pointing to the solutions of DV related to socioeconomic factors.

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Author Bio

Casey Bennett   7 years | PhD

My name is Casey Bennett and I have obtained my graduation, post-graduation and PhD from London Business School. I have been giving education to students for the last 7 years in the United Kingdom. I can help you deal with complex dissertation topics, assignments, and essays and finish them fast.