SAF And Low Carbon Fuels And Market Potential India Assignment Sample

Chapter 1: Introduction

The Indian aviation industry is set for expansion, with an increasing number of passengers using airline services and new airlines entering the market. However, the industry is rapidly feeling pressure in terms of sustainability, particularly regarding fuel consumption. The focus of this study is to analyse the prospects for incorporating sustainable aviation fuels (SAF) and low-carbon substitutes in India. It will involve collecting and comparing information on the barriers to and enablers of a circular economy for SAF, as well as examining the trade-offs related to supply chain investments and community sensitization. This chapter presents the background of the investigation, providing the foundation on which this study is based. The aim and objectives, along with the research questions necessary to achieve them, are also developed here study.

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1.1. Background of the study

India as a country has been experiencing a high growth rate in its aviation business due to an increase in income, connectivity, and more middle-class population. Nonetheless, the sector's carbon footprint is huge since it relies predominantly on conventional jet fuels, which are highly aromatic. Biofuels like sustainable aviation fuel or SAF along with low-carbon replacements provide a perfect solution to the above effects. In general, SAF has the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions globally; however, its utilization in India is constrained by shortcomings such as an inadequate supply chain network, high production costs, and insufficient policy incentives (Shahriar, and Khanal, 2022). In this scenario, it is imperative to understand these barriers and possible satisfactory solutions more so for the aviation market in India to grow and be sustainable.

1.2 Aims and Objectives

1.2.1 Aims

The aim of this research is to:

1. Identify the feasible low-carbon fuels for the Indian aviation industry and;
2. Addressing the challenges in supply chain and infrastructure and exploring how these can be developed to enable sustainable practices and pave the way for a circular economy.

1.2.2 OBJECTIVES

The objective of the dissertation is to

1. explore the alternatives to low-carbon fuels which are appropriate for the Indian Aviation sector with the considerations of budget, availability, and the effect on the environment.
2. To assess the function of public awareness and the practices of the industry with the assistance of the transition of the system to sustainable fuels.
3. II. To analyse the economic prospects linked to the production and usage of low-carbon fuels and SAF.
4. IV. To investigate the main barriers in the supply chain and organization that delay the adoption of SAF and the alternatives of low-carbon fuels in the Indian Market.
5. To implement a government-directed program that can quicken the adoption strategy of low-carbon fuels and SAF by recognizing the barriers of the supply chain.

1.3 Research Rationale

The rationale for this research is therefore anchored in the imitable necessity to investigate the effects of the rapidly growing airline industry on the Indian environment (Xing et al. 2021). The typical types of Jet fuels have high carbon content a factor that enhances climate change. Since the worldwide aviation industry plans to reduce carbon emissions to the extent of 2050, it becomes imperative for India to look for solutions in this regard to minimize and prevent the impact from escalating further. This research therefore aims at narrowing the literature gap concerning the ascertainability of SAF and low-carbon fuels in India (Cabrera, and de Sousa, 2022). It is for this very reason, that the study will attempt to identify the detailed issues that confront the supply chain, infrastructure, and legal framework, with a view to giving recommendations to the parties concerned. Also, it will analyse how public involvement and distribution of resources towards SAF, and low-carbon fuel can contribute to the enhancement of sustainable practices and economic benefits through implementing practical strategies.

1.4 Dissertation Overview

This dissertation consists of five chapters: an introduction, a literature review, the methodology, discussions and findings, and it concludes with recommendations and conclusions

Chapter 1 is the introduction, and it illustrates the aim and objectives of the study which are required to accomplish in this study. Chapter 2 is the literature review helps to collect the existing journals described by different authors with the demonstration of limitations of the study.

Chapter 3 is the methodology which has helped to understand in which way the whole study would be carried on. Chapter 4 describes the findings and analysis which demonstrates the results which are acquired through the study. The last chapter concludes the dissertation with a summary of findings and recommendations.

Literature Review

2.1 Introduction

SAF and low carbon fuels are directional in the Progressive Energy Future of India in globalizing green energy. The aviation industry is boosted with SAF which is renewable based and can lower the life cycle GHG emissions by up to 80 % in comparison with the traditional jet fuel. India's NDCs, which target net-zero emissions by 2070, require innovative fuels, making it advisable to pursue such options. The opportunities for SAF and low-carbon fuels in the Indian market are significant due to regulations, technological developments, and growing consciousness about sustainability. This demonstrates the potential for these fuels to contribute to India's sustainable development while addressing key questions and potential challenges in the process.

2.2 Empirical study

According to SPGglobal.com, the latest statement by the Indian government to set up goals for SAF and biogas blending in India has envisioned the nation adopting a more sustainable way of flying. Some of the plans for the use of SAF are implemented by the country's National Biofuels Coordination Committee and have a target of integrating 1% of SAF with jet fuel by the year 2027 and 2% for international aircraft by 2028. Targets are set there to contain or lower Green House Gas emissions from the aviation industry. India has the capacity of producing 19-24 MMTPY of SAF using sugarcane molasses feedstock for the production of SAF. Also, the requirement of biogas is likely to increase to 5% by 2028-29 thus helping in the development of sustainable energy. The developments dovetail with India's objectives of green flying and import substitution of LNG with the blending of CBG. Measures taken to increase the production of corn for ethanol production despite some problems connected with sugarcane availability evince the governmental desire to reach the blending objectives.

Khera et al., 2021 in their report aim at understanding and analysing the capabilities of feeds made from agriculture that can be used for the generation of cleaner aviation fuel in India. It underlines that India is in a very advantageous position due to its large agricultural sector to produce SAF from feedstocks including agricultural residue. The authors point out that this presented plan could make a sizeable cut in emissions from the aviation trade, thus adhering to global sustainability standards. However, no concerns are given to the problem of sustainable scaling up of feedstock and the potential for economic profitability for smallholder farmers. By and large, the article gives an upbeat outlook on the subject without elaborating on the sociopolitical consequences and without mentioning the necessity of investments in facilities. Although it rightly highlights on the environmental advantages, it could do with a better classification concerning the policies and support structures required to turn vision into reality with the large-scale application of this innovation.

The work done by Destek and Pata et al., 2023 published in Environmental Science and Pollution Research International analyses factors relating to Carbon efficiency and environmental sustainability in India. Through an elaborate analytical framework, the authors analyze the effects of structural changes, and the rates of renewable energy supply, fossil fuel intensity, urbanization, and technological development on carbon emissions. The study reveals that renewable energy and technological improvements have a positive impact on carbon efficiency but the challenges of urbanization and dependency on fossils. The major advantage of the article is that it is empirically based, or in other words, based on experience, concern or observation. Nevertheless, there is a lack of detailed analysis of the policy-advice process in the given study to ensure practical applicability. Moreover, implications of the changes in the economic growth environment policies continue the analysis of the sustainable growth of the countries. In sum, the study provides a theoretically sound framework for analyzing India's carbon efficiency patterns but the analysis that is needed is based more on policy prescriptions.

Yadav and Anjali et al., 2020 in their paper in the International Journal of Science and Research focus on the carbon trading practices in India and is a conceptual study. Some of the mechanisms of carbon trading, their importance, and evidence of their application in India are explained by the authors.

Figure 1: Electricity capacity targets

(Sources: https://www.ijsr.net/archive/v9i8/SR20805175256.pdf)

It also shows the effectiveness of the carbon trading system in the economical reduction of the emission of greenhouse gasses as well as encouraging sustainable practices from industries. However, it seems that the given analysis has similar flaws, as it is more focused on theoretical aspects than on representing cases and examples. Further, the article fails to present a clear picture of the actual problems and policy constraints that may hamper the carbon trading in India. In view of the fact that the authors dwell more on the opportunities which exist in carbon markets, a comparative analysis of the current policy regimes as well as a genuine analysis of the preparedness of industries in India towards engaging in carbon markets would add more realistic approaches to the study. Nevertheless, the described article offers a sufficiently solid conceptual framework for the analysis of carbon trading in India.

World Economic Forum publication 2023 covers the role of sustainable aviation fuels (SAF) in addressing carbon emissions in the aviation industry of India. It also focuses on the potentiality of SAF production and its deployment, some areas through which India can invest more and become a global leader in SAF are underlined in the report. Nonetheless, the article might lacked a critical discussion on the difficulties of increasing the capacity of SAF production, difficulties such as high costs, complex technological issues, and challenges in regulations regarding the production processes. Even though it formulates a comprehensive view of the topic and describes multiple scenarios for the SAF implementation, it can scarcely offer any specific case studies or actual research evidence to support the presented ideas.

Figure 2: CO2 emission reduction roadmap

(Sources: https://www.weforum.org/publications/deploying-sustainable-aviation-fuels-at-scale-in-india-a-clean-skies-for-tomorrow-publication/)

Also, the report could look into how the shift to SAF affects the socio-economic activities of the community and the related industries. However, the organisation is a useful guide for those in policymaking and the industry to understand the strategic moves that would be essential for the mainstreaming of SAF in India. Sustainable Aviation Fuels in India is an insightful guide that provides the current understanding and future prospects of SAF established by the World Economic Forum. This demonstrates how significant the role of SAF can be in minimizing the carbon emission of the aviation sector in line with India's Climate targets.

The information about the SAF industry is covered including the regulatory environment, the technology, and the market. It is crucial to address the complex issues that have been singled out when determining the possibility of a large-scale application of SAF. Much of its focus is directed towards the coordination of a variety of agents of society ranging from the government to other private players and global bodies. It is essential in the development of an environment conducive to the implementation of SAFs (Sustainable Aviation Fuels). The publication provides specific policy guidelines for the deployment of SAFs which are needed to prompt the actions from governments and industries for sustainable aviation. While the report presents strategic directions, it does not fully describe the measures and procedures necessary for the stakeholders to apply the recommendations of the study.

This publication is also useful for policymakers and industry heads as this presents the vision and a roadmap on how SAF should be expanded in the country. However, it would also need more specific recommendations and economic considerations to facilitate the decision-making.

In their article in Fuel Journal, Shahriar and Khanal et al., 2022 discuss the techno-economic aspects alongside environmental and policy issues of SAF. The authors of the research provide a detailed discussion on the developmental status of SAF technology and its costs and impacts on the global environment as well as the policies that govern this technology. It is for this reason that a holistic approach can be used in establishing a balanced vision of SAF in order to minimize its drawbacks. The article's last strength can then be seen in how objectively the author has assessed some of the new technologies and the economic issues of producing SAF. However, it could develop its discussion on policy framework more intensively especially when comparing the international policies and their efficiency. Besides, although it is evident that SAFs have environmental advantages over fossil fuels, it might be useful to disclose more information on the lifecycle emissions analysis as well. In conclusion, it is stated that the paper would be regarded as useful for the researchers and/or policymakers, as it provides a comprehensive analysis of the complex relations emerging in the context of SAF development and deployment.

In their paper on Stocks, Assets and Flows, Shahriar and Khanal give a comprehensive analysis of the techno-economic, environmental and policy considerations of SAF. It is therefore global and has relevancy for India.

Arguably, this paper's biggest strength is the detailed techno-economic assessment that has been conducted to explore the feasibility and potential costs of various SAF production routes. It is essential for ascertaining the proposed strategies most beneficial to India. This paper explains the environmental impact of SAF, including the fact that it has at least fifty per cent less emissions of several greenhouse gases than usual jet fuel. The authors give insights into current and past policies and recommend changes; thus, the authors provide the reader with a balanced policy analysis.

Figure 3: Current and global SAF production capacity

(Sources: Shahriar and Khanal et al., 2022)

The paper is, however, somewhat brief and more general in its approach, which while providing useful global data does not explore India and its related phenomena to the extent that a more targeted study might. Suggestions for India specifically would improve its specificity. Ironically, the debate on market dynamics and consumers' acceptance is rather short. The scope of this study is however limited and a deeper analysis of the barriers and enablers to the implementation of this market would do well to focus more on the Indian market.

According to the Indian government 2023, the goal of India to use one per cent blends of SAF by 2025 has been postponed to 2027 because of many factors and constraints. Here are the main factors contributing to this delay:

Feedstock Availability: The production of SAF in India is dependent on feedstocks such as sugarcane molasses, corn grain and agricultural residue. These feedstocks however have in the past been available in a rather irregular manner. For instance, the variation in the supply of sugarcane and the preference of sugar over ethanol in distiller grains has affected the raw material supply for SAF.

Production Capacity: India's SAF production capability at the present times is very poor. Actually, the infrastructure which is currently in place cannot support the production level required to achieve the set initial target of 2025. The decentralization is well-timed to enable many of these facilities to become fully operational and develop sufficient capacity for production (www.weforum.org/agenda/2021).

Policy and Incentives: Some of the obstacles have been the absence of vociferous government encouragement, and more significantly, policy coherent and unambiguous staking to spur capital to the SAF segment. It has been proposed that there can be a need for an increase of support mechanisms for SAF production and utilization among other incentives such as fiscal and policy.

Economic Viability: Production of SAF is relatively expensive, to a level higher to that of the usual aviation fuels. As a result of this cost difference, SAF have been difficult to adopt by the domestic airlines which are very sensitive to costs without adequate financial incentives and or government mandates (Intelligence, 2024).

Technological and Supply Chain Challenges: Currently, the development of the second generation of biofuels, based on feedstock other than food crops, is still in its infancy. The emergence and commercial application of these technologies takes time and significant amounts of capital investment, which caused the blending targets' delay.

These issues, if solved, will help India scale up the blend of SAF incrementally to 1% by 2027 and further to 2% by 2028. This new move marks the country's effort in the fight against carbon emissions and the promotion of sustainable practices in the aviation industry (Intelligence, 2024). The Indian government's stated goal of becoming a SAF leader through a 1% blending mandate for the country, to be implemented by 2025 struggled to do so because of these factors, which led to postponing the goal to 2027.

The first was the restricted access to first-generation feed stocks such as sugarcane and corn which were crucial for the production. The government then prohibited the consumption of sugarcane juice for ethanol preparations as a way of preventing soaring prices in sugar, which was already a rare commodity for feed manufacturing. Moreover, the feasibility of SAF is still questionable concerning their economic sense. This is because SAF production is tailored to be costly when compared to the classic aviation fuels hence disadvantaging several domestic airlines. The use of second-generation biofuels that are produced from non-food biomass like agricultural residual is still in the developmental stages and hence needs steep investment and time to reach full capacities. Currently, India's SAF production capacity is relatively limited; however, several new plants are planned to be built in the next few years that will increase SAF production (Wang et al., 2021).

There has also been capacity building of indigenous feedstock development by the government and improvement of technological ability to support the production of SAF. To achieve these systemic changes, India plans to establish a long-term domestic SAF production and demand plan and continues to increase the blending rate from 1% to 2% by 2028 with the aim of achieving a net zero by 2070.

According to Cabrera & de Sousa's review et al., 2022 published in Energies in 2022 is focused on the topic of sustainable fuels in aviation providing detailed information on the types of SAF, the ways of their production, and possible consequences. The structure of the article is quite clear and well thought which allows the author to explain the varieties of sustainable fuel pathways and all the favourable and adverse effects in detail. The major advantage of this review is that it addresses not only the scientific and ecological advantages and disadvantages of the nanotechnologies, but also now economic ones and those connected with concrete political actions.

Figure 4: A nominal ASTM D4054 evaluation process with fuel and cost requirements, not including the cost of fuel production

(Sources: Cabrera & de Sousa's review et al. 2022)

Overall, the strengths of this paper can be mentioned as the description of the advantages of using SAF and the proposals for its further development, while there are relatively more weaknesses that can be referred to the insufficient focus on barriers associated with the infrastructure adjustments and the market acceptance of the system. All in all, there are a few minor limitations that can be points of improvement in such a lengthy review that may cover all essential aspects of existing knowledge and presented guidelines for further research in the field of sustainable aviation fuels.

Cabrera and de Sousa give a thorough background on sustainable fuels in aviation focusing on production technologies and possible effects on the environment.

The strength of the paper is in the extensive review of a large number of publications and the provision of a general idea of sustainability in the case of fuels used in aviation. This is advantageous to the readers, especially for those who would want to have a broader perspective on the field.

It also offers more elaborate information concerning different production technologies for SAF such as advanced biofuels and synthetic fuels. It is useful for defining moat and the specific technologies that would be best for India.

The necessity of shifting to greener fuels as a way of decreasing aviation's impact on the environment is also championed in the review on SAF.

The paper might be considered more academic and thus might not be useful for policymakers and industry practitioners searching for specific tools and strategies for the implementation of SAF solutions. The application of the tool, if linked with theory, would bring the development of the tool a step forward. Like the study conducted by Shahriar and Khanal, this review does not have a specific focus on India which reduces the feasibility of applying its findings in the Indian context.

Cabrera and de Sousa's review is an academic article that receives significant attention and offers extensive information on the technological and environmental facets of SAF. However, there could be an emphasis on developing real-world use cases and more geographically specific analyses to help all the stakeholders in the Indian market. These critical evaluations stress the positive and negative aspects of each article, which underlines the need for a regional approach and effective application-oriented approaches to increase the relevance and application value of the presented research in India.

The paper under discussion, 'Supply Chain Optimization for Mainstreaming SAF in the Indian Aviation Sector' by Ravi et al, (2021), primarily examines the aforesaid crucial aspects along with the execution strategies for incorporating SAF in the mainstream of the Indian aviation fraternity. The work was delivered at the 'National Conference on Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization', the work also exhibits deep concern of SAF to shrink the environmental effect of aviation since aviation has been pointed out to be a major culprit in the release of the gases.

The authors pay special attention to the current processes within the Indian supply chain and determine critical constraints that prevent the widespread implementation of SAF. They have provided a complex optimization strategy based on the use of high-end analytical models and techniques aimed at increasing supply chain productivity and resource efficiency. With the use of SAF, the study seeks to conform to ICAO standards and enhance the nation's compliance with the CPCNs under climate change conventions.

The paper provides a progressive outlook for the improvement of Indian aviation through the supply chain with regard to the introduction and use of SAF. It stresses that numerous stakeholders and technologies should be applied and harmonized to establish common aims and objectives regarding sustainable aviation. This paper is a useful contribution to the idea of sustainable aviation and useful information and recommendations for the mainstreaming of SAF in India.

This article by Dietrich et al. 2024 with the title "Technical, Economic and Ecological Assessment of European Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAF) Production" is a very proper article that presents a good understanding of SAF production in Europe. This paper aims to substantiate the challenge of searching for environmentally friendly materials and technologies in the field of aviation to mitigate gas emissions and succeed in climate change objectives It is published in the CEAS Aeronautical Journal.

Figure 5: 2 operation methods of renewable energy

(Sources: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13272-024-00714-0?fromPaywallRec=true)

The authors conduct an in-depth analysis covering three critical dimensions: the effectiveness of the technologies as well as the economic and ecological simulation of the production of SAF. In terms of content, the study discusses the modern diverse technologies for SAF production to evaluate their ability to be scaled up as well as to be integrated into the current framework of aviation fuel. It covers economically the cost factors, market prospects and investment necessity for large-scale implementation of the SAF. The given investigation takes into account numerous production processes as biomass, waste to-fuel, and synthetic fuels, to recognize which of them is most cost-efficient.

Figure 6: Biomass operation mode

(Sources: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13272-024-00714-0?fromPaywallRec=true)

On the evaluation of the environmental effects, it evaluates the environmental impact of SAF against jet fuels. It also refers to large emission cuts of greenhouse gasses along with other pollutants, which results in better quality of air as well as lesser impacts on the environment. The authors also describe various policies and regulations needed to develop the SAF market further.

2.3 Theories and Models

The scientific underpinning of SAF and low-carbon fuel adoption in India is based on the concepts of environmental economics, sustainability transitions, and diffusion of innovations. Key theories include:

Sustainability Transition Theory: This framework assists in the transition from traditional fossil fuel-based systems to carbonless alternatives. It accentuates the role of specialized innovations (like SAF) in question and contending and evolving existing regimes using the interactions between niches, regimes and landscape.

Figure 7: Sustainability Transition Theory

(Sources: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Necessary-conditions-for-transitions-to-sustainabilityThe-definition-of-viable_fig2_337997635)

Innovation Diffusion Theory: Introduced by Everett Rogers, this theory outlines how ‘communication', why and at what 'rate' innovations are adopted. It recognizes early adopters, individuals' influence through social networks, and perceived advantages and beliefs over traditional solutions, which are relevant to the application of SAF in the aviation industry.

Figure 8: Innovation Diffusion Theory

(Sources: https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/economics/diffusion-of-innovation/5)

Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC): This hypothesis suggests that environmental degradation increases with income but this increases to a certain level of economic development after which it declines. This generally implies that as India grows economically there might be a change to cleaner fuels because of the enhanced awareness of the environment and availability of better technologies.

Porter's Hypothesis: According to this theory, the competitive impacts of environmental legislation could be positive: it could force companies to be innovative and competitive. As far as the case of SAF is concerned, it suggests that the regulatory standards requiring reduced emissions could foster the use and creation of sustainable aviation fuels.

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Models: These models are used in the evaluation of all the aspects of the environment related to every phase of the life of a product. Thus, LCA for SAF allows assessment of its carbon footprint from the cultivation of the feedstock to fuel production and consumption, which creates a more extensive understanding of its environmental advantages.

Figure 9: Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Models

(Sources: https://root-sustainability.com/knowledgehub-life-cycle-assessment/)

Using these theories and models, the stakeholders will have a means of managing the challenges of embedding SAF and low-carbon fuels into India's energy matrix while achieving sustainable goals' objectives and legal requirements.

2.4 Literature Gap

While existing literature provides a solid foundation for understanding the potential of SAF and low-carbon fuels in India, several gaps remain:

Comprehensive Policy Analysis: Some works, like those of Khera et al. (2021) and Destek and Pata et al. (2023) are based on theoretical concepts supported by the analyzed data; however, the specifics of policy implementation procedures remain insufficiently discussed. Indeed, there is a critical call for research that specifies how policies can be developed and implemented in ways that encourage SAF.

Socio-Economic Impacts: While studies mainly focus on the environment and technical aspects, relatively less attention is paid to the socio-economic aspect with regards to community and especially those in feedstock production such as 'smallholder farmers'. Awareness of these impacts is important in designing sustainability of the supply chain for the disabled.

Scalability and Economic Viability: Whereas the possibility of developing SAF from agricultural residues is pointed out, more discussion is required to address on the feasibility of methods for their large-scale production and their economics. Further studies have to be conducted concerning its efficiency for farmers and the perspective of creating massive production centres (Task, 2021).

Comparative Policy Studies: To the best of the author's knowledge, there is inadequate literature comparing how different policy regimes in different nations have managed to incorporate SAF. Information from such comparisons could prove useful in improving policy-making in India.

Technological Innovations and Collaborations: So, the impact of new technologies, as well as international collaborations in the further development of SAFs and their application is not researched enough. Thus, subsequent studies should be directed towards defining the new cutting-edge technologies, as well as building international collaborative networks to improve India's capacity in this field.

Thus, filling these gaps through specific research may contribute to enhancing the overall understanding of the prospects and difficulties of SAF and low-carbon fuels to become a part of India's energy mix.

2.5 Conceptual Framework

Figure 10: Conceptual framework

(Sources: self-created in MS Word)

Dependent Variable

Reduction of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions: This is the dependent variable which determines the impact of SAF and low-carbon fuels in reducing emissions in the aviation industries.

Independent Variables

Regulatory Framework: Government of India policies and regulations of SAF and low carbon fuels. That is, concrete goals are defined for the quantities of blends, as well as the timeframes within which those blends should be achieved.

Technological Development: New Scientific and Technological developments in the creation of SAF and Low-carbon fuels. Technological advancements in ways of converting feedstock to fuel.

Feedstock Availability: Accessibility, and use of renewable constituency materials, like thresh grains, sugarcane juice, and wide biomass. Specifically, they are the cost of feedstocks, and the ability to scale feedstock supply chains (Xing et al., 2021).

Economic Incentives: The policy supported by the government including the subsidies established for SAF production, tax allowances, and grants. The relative market price of SAF and standard jet fuel.

Public and Industry Awareness: Information helping understand what SAF and low carbon fuels are and how they ensure the environment's benefit. The level of preparedness as well as the inclination of the industry to engage in the use of these fuels.

International Collaboration: International relations and collaborations and engagement in international processes and conventions on the limitation of aviation carbon emissions.

2.6 Conclusion

The increase in the use of SAF and LCFs (facilitated by regulation, technological development, feedstock availability, incentives, awareness, and international cooperation) will greatly reduce CO2 emissions in the aviation sector of India. The empirical study based on the various secondary journals and articles of many researchers on the SAF and its usage for better demarcation in the future needs of humans. The shown independent variables impact the dependent variable or occur in synergetic combinations showcasing that a complex strategy must be applied to achieve the aimed environmental results. Thus, the literature review implies that there is a need to embrace multiple milestones that include policy, technology, economics, and education for sustainable developments in aviation.

Chapter 3: Methodology

3.1 Introduction

The “developing country India” has taken several strategies for the production of “Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)” for reduction of the carbon emissions levels. This section discussed the chosen methodology that is used for the identification of the market potentiality level for the production of SAF (Cabrera and de Sousa, 2022). Adoption of the "Secondary research strategy" helped to identify the benefit of the usage of lower-carbon fuels and SAF for the "Indian Aviation Sectors" which are discussed below.

3.2 Method outline

The present research study followed the secondary research methodology for identification of the feasible low-carbon emissions strategies for the Indian aviation industries. The secondary “interpretivism philosophy” helped to identify the scientific findings of key challenges, infrastructure problems, and public contribution of resources management for lower carbon emission and SAF for “Indian aviation sectors” (Detsios et al. 2023). The ‘qualitative design with mono research method” provided the strength for the identification of the resource and budgetary challenges, economic prospects, and key barriers to resource management of SAF.

3.3 Research philosophy

The present research study followed the “interpretivism philosophy” for the identification of the contextual resources for the exploration of the key barriers, potential challenges, and alternative considerations for finding out the feasible amount of carbon fuels in “Indian aviation sectors”. However, usage of the “interpretivism philosophy” only focused on the subjective findings of key challenges and factors for the implementation of SAF in “Indian aviation sectors” (Ng et al. 2021). Therefore, the adoption of this type of “interpretivism philosophy” helped to identify the benefit of using lower-carbon fuel and SAF in the “Indian Aviation Sectors”. This types of scientific “interpretivism philosophy” also identify the required budget, environmental challenges, fuel feasibility, and availability of resources for the “Indian Aviation Sectors”.

3.4 Research approach

The "inductive research approach" is used for analyzing the implementation of lower carbon fuels and SAF in the "Indian aviation sectors" (Shahriar and Khanal, 2022). The “inductive approach” also helped to observe the set of factors, challenges, availability problems, and budgetary issues that are associated with the SAF implementation in the “Indian aviation sector”.

3.5 Research Design

The “qualitative research design” is used in the versatile, relatable, and scientific analysis for the identification of the feasible level of lower carbon fuels for “Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)” in “Indian aviation sectors”. However, usage of this type of “qualitative design” process is a time-consuming process.

Figure 11: Research design

(Source: Self-created in MS Word)

The usage of the “qualitative design” helped to develop the theoretical perspectives, and holistic development for the contribution of the lower level of carbon fuels and sustainable practices for carbon emission levels.

3.6 Research Strategy

There are different types of research strategies like case study analysis or thematic strategies. This present research study followed the “case study research strategies” along with thematic analysis for the identification of the alternative fuels with lower carbon, and availability, and the budgetary analysis for the identification of the lower carbon fuels and SAF implementation in the “Indian aviation sectors” (Ravi et al. 2021). The use of this type of case study strategy along with thematic strategies helped to find out the relationship context of the development of public awareness and practices that are used to assist transitions for sustainable fuels for the "Indian aviation sectors". This type of "thematic analysis" also helped to address the economic prospects that are associated with using lower-carbon fuels of "Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAF)".

3.7 Research Method

The present research study followed the “qualitative research design” for which the usage of the “mono research method” is used here for accurate and absolute measurement of key advantages of using SAF and low levels of carbon emission fuel (Ravi et al. 2021). The “mono research method” also provided focused findings of the key advantages of using the SAF and lower level of carbon emissions for the “Indian Aviation Sectors”. The usage of the “mono research method” also helped to find out the key barriers to the adoption of the lower level of carbon emission of SAF strategies in the “Indian Aviation Sectors”.

3.8 Data collection method

The entire research study followed the “secondary research methodology” for which the datasets were collected through secondary research procedures of authentic journals, articles, and Google Scholar. The necessary data on “The Indian aviation sectors” are collected from the authentic websites of the “Indian aviation sectors”. Some authentic books and websites related to SAF and lower carbon emission in Indian aviation sectors are also used for the secondary data collection procedures.

3.9 Research ethics

The present research study uses lower carbon fuels and SAF in “Indian Aviation Sectors” followed by the confidentiality ethics for the secondary data collection process for collecting carbon emission strategies of “Indian Aviation Sectors”. The present research study also followed the integrity principles with risk minimization throughout the entire research study (Kluwerlawonline.com, 2024). This present research study also avoids any kind of environmental degradation and biases from the entire research study. No support manipulative analysis is supported for analyzing the advantage of using lower-carbon emissions for the “Indian Aviation Sectors”. The present research study also followed the anonymity principle for understanding the advantages of using the SAF and lower amounts of carbon fuels for the “Indian Aviation Sectors”.

3.10 Research limitations

The key limitation of using this type of “secondary research method” is the analysis of all research questions. Therefore, there exists a mismatch between the usage of the “secondary data” in analyzing the usage of the lower-carbon fuel and SAF in “Indian Aviation Sectors”. Out-of-date is another big limitation faced by using the “secondary methodology” in analyzing lower carbon fuel and “Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAF) in Indian “Aviation Sectors”.

3.11 Conclusion

The “Indian Aviation sector” will experience a positive growth rate by 2050. Usage of the low-fuel carbon helps in the transitions of economic growth for the “Indian Aviation Sectors”. Therefore, the usage of the secondary methodology helped to address the feasibility of the usage of the lower carbon emission levels for the “Indian Aviation Sectors”.

Chapter 4: Findings and Analysis

4.1 Introduction

This chapter consists of the study results and discussions on the collected data obtained from secondary sources of information regarding the SAF in India. The main research question is to explore the factors influencing the implementation of SAF in the Indian aviation industry. This implies an analysis of the data to generate useful information that would help formulate better policies and adopt better practices within the industries.

4.2 Analysis of Regulatory Framework for SAF in India

To curtail the effects that aviation has on the environment, SAF is being introduced under a shifting legal preventive measurement in India. Here, the government has launched different measures to encourage the uptake of SAF and they are tax credits and subsidies for research. Yet, the regulatory development is relatively in the initial phase as compared to other countries/regions such as the EU and the United States.

Figure 12: CO2 Emissions Roadmap

(Source: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/20/6455)

In the EU, institutions including the Emissions Trading System and the Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation play an important role in regulating emissions in aviation. These have become relatively disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic requiring an effort to rearrange them for efficiency. As a result, a combination of CORSIA's design elements with the EU ETS with regard to intra-EU international flights needs to be maintained in order to continue contributing to EU climate goals and to incorporate EU members' SAF development strategies.

Figure 13: Carbon Emission of India

(Source: https://www.weforum.org/)

However, the following issues are still evident; the challenges include the cost to produce SAF, lack of networks and insufficient demand (Mai, 2021). Also, there is no proper policy for SAF and regulatory risks prejudice its uptake by organizations in India. In order to address these factors, a multi-sectoral strategy that includes government departments and agencies, industry and business representatives, and world organisations is needed. Thus governmental policies have to support SAF in the long run focusing on subsidies, tax benefits or infrastructure.

Thus, the experience of other countries and their best practices could be viewed as important to the further development of SAF in India. Thus, at present India has an excellent opportunity to join international trends and avoid mistakes made in other parts of the world while building the necessary constructive legal foundation for the successful development of its aviation industry.

4.3. Analysis of Technological Developments in SAF Production

SAF technology is a new relative solution to depreciate aviation's carbon footprint, and technology plays an important role in its application. Current research helps to understand the modern practices that might act as the breakthrough in the advancement of SAF production in India.

One of the promising ways to obtain SAF is Hydrothermal Liquefaction (HTL) described by Kallupalayam Ramasamy et al. (2021). HTL is a thermochemical process in which biomass is transformed into crude oil-like materials under high pressure and temperature. This method is effective because it attracts versatility in feeding materials where the nation of India is replete with wet and low-value materials. The capabilities to process the feedstocks of varying qualities with improved efficiency can assist in overcoming the issues associated with the feedstock variability and maintain a high standard of SAF production. Given this, it is possible to conclude that the aspects of efficiency and flexibility are characteristic of HTL as a technology, which is suitable for application in the Indian market.

Figure 14: Crop Planning Window

(Source: Karami et al. 2022)

Karami et al. (2022) look into the costs of adopting carinata, a seed with high oil content, for crop sequencing in SAF production. Carinata has been viewed to hold great potential because of the high yield in oil besides its tolerance to harsh environments. In India, if carinata is included in crop rotation to produce SAF, the overall production can benefit in addition to the improvement of soil health and farmer's income. Thus, this investment in cultivating carinata might be expensive at the start but the director asserts the benefits in the long run economically and environmentally may outweigh the costs. This view is in line with the type of farming practices India has especially considering the various types of farming practices practised in the country.

Figure 15: Carinata-based sustainable SAF

(Source: Ullah et al. 2023)

Another improvement that can be mentioned is the GIS-based supply chain design seen in Ullah et al. (2023). GIS can help in forecasting the delivery of feedstock, the production of SAFs and distribution by establishing spatial interdependencies in the supply chain. Specifically, for India, using GIS can solve some logistic issues associated with this country's rather large and rather diverse territory. The impact of this technology on the optimisation of the amount of resources used for SAF production means there will less wastage and thus makes the production more sustainable.

4.4 Analysis of Feedstock Availability and its Impact on SAF

Feedstock is a major intermediate in the creation of Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) whose abundance influences the market size and profitability of SAF manufacturing. Mofijur et al. (2023) have focused on the second generation Feedstocks which are non-food resources, and thus do not compete with the food stocks. These feedstocks include agricultural residues, waste oils, and lignocellulosic biomass which are R originating in India thus presenting a sustainable and cost-effective source of SAF. The availability of these raw materials also reduces risk factors of supply chain and can further help in increasing the scale for producing SAFs.

Figure 16: Decarbonizing process of the Aviation Industry

(Source: Mofijur et al. 2023)

Borrill et al. (2024) focus on the advancement in the biobased technologies of SAF conversion processes and the use of LCA to assess environmental performances. The paper also established that the selection of feedstock strongly determines the sustainability and carbon footprint of SAF. For example, feedstocks with low emission factors in their growth and conversion cycle bring down the CI of the produced fuel. In the case of India, regulating feedstock's choice to shape its environmental impacts can help boost the sustainability of SAF production in regard to climate change objectives.

Figure 17: World Annual Traffic Projection

(Source: Agbo, 2023)

Thus, the availability of feedstock in India is satisfactory, which can serve as a basis for increasing SAF production. Thus, feedstock selection and the technologies applied for conversion significantly influence the environmental and economic results, which should be regulated to ensure safer and more cost-effective SAF production.

4.5 Analysis of Economic Incentives and Market Dynamics for SAF

From economic benefits and market forces, therefore, the use of SAF and its expansion in India depends on. The aviation industry is an essential component of development as pointed out by Prakash (2024) about GDP, employment generation and market access. Considering this significance, shifting to SAF is not merely an environmental decision, but also an economically wise endeavour that could improve the industry's adaptability within the scope of a carbon-restricted globe.

Figure 18: Challenges in Global Economic Aviation Development

(Source: Prakash, 2024)

The SAF refining costs should be made comparable to jet A1 by subsidisation, tax benefits, carbon credits or any other acceptable means of financing. Duraisami et al. (2022) also explain how policy incentives in India that act as a platform for scaling TOF, can be aligned for supporting the SAF production. The studies sampled from these campaigns indicate that benchmarked incentives encourage investment in SAF production, especially in biomaterial-endowed regions. Such incentives might comprise funding to promote the production of feedstock for the generation of SAF, grants to support the construction of SAF facilities, and tax exemptions for organizations that use SAF.

Hence, it can be presented that the options and opportunities for the utilization of SAFs within India as well as the requirements within the national and global market essential for its implementation in the aviation industry are tightly connected with its economic benefits. Overcoming the challenges will act as the fundamental strategy in using policy incentives to create awareness and understanding of the market opportunities to establish SAF as viable and sustainable to traditional aviation fuel.

4.6 Analysis of Public And Industry Awareness And Engagements in SAF Adoption

The usage of SAF is thus dependent not only on technological and economic conditions but also on public and business awareness. In averting the detrimental effects of GHG emissions globally, people's attitudes and companies' support are critical to garnering the necessary traction for the commercialization of SAF production and its uptake by the airline industry.

Following the recent work of Hooda and Yadav (2023), the findings of this research show that green finance supports sustainable aviation and that stakeholders' viewpoints on environmental improvements are essential. The present research also establishes that the comprehensiveness of understanding the existence of and the need for SAF among investors, the government, and laymen is vital for fundraising. Green finance sources allow to obtaining of funds for SAF projects; however, initiatives depend on the aware and active public. Thus, increasing the people's awareness regarding the prospects of environmental and economic advantages from SAF would help increase the people's interest in green finance, hence, driving the growth of SAF adoption in India more rapidly.

Figure 19: Demand Forecast for Airplanes in India

(Source: Hooda, and Yadav, 2023)

In the work of Pachai (2023), the author discusses state action plans during the post-COVID-19 sanitation of aviation emissions that emphasize the public and aviation industry's awareness of the sustainabilities needed. Hence, STEM Clarke suggests that COVID-19 has increased understanding of the sector's environmental impact, making it possible to celebrate SAF as part of the climate mitigation plan. Despite these improvements, the literature presents a relative lack of information concerning the processes of large-scale implementation of SAF. Unfortunately, in India, targeted campaigns and specific educational programs could assist in filling this gap: raising population and industry awareness of SAF's advantages and operational potential.

Figure 20: Sustainable Aviation in India

(Source: Chinnasamy et al. 2023)

As has been established previously, there are focal facets that are intrinsic to the general success and performance of SAF in the public eye as well as the industries. To the general population, understanding SAF and its part in resolving climate change can lead to a demand for better travelling services that are eco-friendly. I enshrine awareness of the economic and regulatory incentives besides the technological horizons of SAF production to the industry.

Thus, awareness and engagement of the public and industries are essential pre-requisites for the subject success in the Indian context for SAF. This means that there is a need for information that is directed towards the community, engaging key players and promoting green finance that will lay the groundwork to support the use of SAF in the air transportation industry.

4.7 Conclusion

India's case of SAF adoption is a classic example of the complex issues and possibilities that are expected to arise in the future. The abundance of feedstock, due to India's agricultural strength, a solid ground for SAF production; and encouragement via economic incentives and existing market trends can infinitely enhance investment in the sector. However, for SAF to be integrated into the aviation industry it requires heavy public and industry awareness. There is another group of challenges that are related to technology, economics, and logistics to address such challenges, education, green finance, and stakeholders' involvement are important.

Chapter 5: Discussion of findings

5.1 Introduction

The categorization of the analysis is done under five main topic areas which are vital to the subject matter. This chapter thus intertwines the presentation of findings with analysis in order to achieve three objectives: to describe the current state of SAF in India and appraise it, and to discuss its future prospects.

5.2 Discussion of Regulatory Framework for SAF in India

In India, the regulations are relatively more developed. The report by the World Economic Forum on what it termed the "Clean Skies for Tomorrow" provides key pointers to India on how it needs to accelerate the use of SAFs. Proposals include setting out specific legal requirements and coming up with a dependable accreditation process for SUAFs, among others. In the report, the author encourages governments to play a proactive role in inducing SAF's utilization through both subsidies and laws.

Studies on the blends of soap-derived biokerosene and jet fuel have revealed high fuel characteristics and performance. This process of producing and utilizing AFs entails recycling used oils into biokerosene that can be mixed with Jet A in the reduction of carbon footprint. The study done by Duong et al. 2020, deals with aviation fuels and the authors pointed out that such blends could serve the specific needs of the aviation industry while addressing aspects of sustainability.

Furthermore, Marcks (2024) investigates the climate effect of contrails combined with the utilisation of sustainable aviation fuels. The findings can be used by SAF to inform methods for minimizing the formation of contrails which currently account for a high level of aviation's emissions. To that extent, this research is indeed very significant in extending the knowledge of the social impacts of SAF apart from the aspect of the emission of carbon.

It can be noted that despite the relatively weak legal framework of SAF in India there are still vast opportunities for its further expansion. Chasing the best practices of IRM and backed by large government support, India can boost the take-off of SAF and meet the mission of achieving sustainable aviation (Mazumdar, et al. 2024). The next sections shall further explore the current market, technology, and environment of SAF in India to complete the market analysis for SAF in the country.

5.3. Discussion of Technological Developments in SAF Production

HTL technology and carinata cultivation are globally academic to have a far-reaching influence on the Indian SAF industry. HTL provides feedstock utilization in a more versatile way, untimely vital for the nation with numerous types of agriculture. The possibility of Carinata as a high-yielding feedstock is in line with India's long-term vision on nutrient security for Agriculture as well as on energy security. Economic studies indicate that it could be cheaper to implement these technologies and scale up SAF production over time, thus, creating a better price relation with conventional jet fuels.

The GIS-based decision tool for the supply chain design is also a useful approach to considering the coordination of SAF production and delivery in India. In addressing logistical issues with the use of GIS it is possible to realize economies of scale hence promoting SAF production (Konuralp, 2020). It also improves the running of operations and can be said to be going a long way in achieving aims of the less carbonization of the aviation industry.

These technologies' implementation is mutually beneficial because it improves the SAF production process while assisting in environmental and policy goals. HTL affects reducing greenhouse gas emissions per acre in carinata cultivation and thus helps in promoting the climate objective of India. In addition, the supply chain utilizing the GIS can increase effectiveness and scalability, which are important factors when addressing the need to spread SAF production throughout various areas of India. While India is on the inexorable path to harness sustainable energy solutions for a cleaner economy, these innovations show the feasible ways to integrate green agenda into the nation's aviation industry, decreasing central reliance on fossil fuels and promoting national and international environmental goals (Chourasia, et al. 2021). These technologies could be invested in to place India higher than most other countries in the development of safer advanced fuels.

5.4 Discussion of Feedstock Availability and its Impact on SAF

Agbo (2023) concentrated on the techno-economic characterizations of aerial refuelling, especially the coupling of gas fermentation processes in SCWG heat integration. From this paper, it is evident that the accessibility, as well as the cost of feedstocks, are core factors that define the profitability of SAF production. Thus, it can be concluded that the increased use of biomass feedstocks, which are available in India in large amounts, through high-tech conversion processes for producing SAF will decrease costs and make them comparable to the costs for conventional jet fuels.

5.5 Discussion of Economic Incentives and Market Dynamics for SAF

Market dynamics are also connected with the need for the development of SAF as airlines and governments pledge to decrease CO2 emissions. Referring to Kaur, et al. (2022), the authors present information concerning the current situation in the Indian aviation industry as a rapidly growing sector that still has significant challenges and is under the pressure of environmental concerns.

But the implementation of SAF as stated earlier is not an easy task. There are challenges such as high costs of production, limited sources of feedstock and the need to develop new technologies for conversion processes. These challenges call for policy intervention by the government as well as the need for the industry to invest in marine polymers as well as availing the right technology. At the current stage, the demand for SAF in India remains relatively limited; however, with the correct economic stimuli and adequate legislative aid, its growth can be exponential.

5.6 Discussion of Public And Industry Awareness And Engagements in SAF Adoption

The most relevant studies by Chinnasamy et al. (2023) give a verbal and a quantitative analysis of SAF production technologies and compare various technologies by the use of the WASPAS evaluation technique. As noted by their study, they emphasize that SAF technologies' choice influences the industry's engagement in adopting appropriate options. According to the study, this dissertation suggests that if industries do not engage themselves in the development of these technologies, the implementation of SAF technologies will remain slow and rived. Thus, building a good relationship and collaboration between industries is a significant factor for the development of the aviation industry in India regarding issues around SAF adoption such as technology and supply chain.

5.7 Conclusion

It can be concluded that the SAF seems to offer a realistic possibility of cutting the carbon emissions of the aviation industry in India. Therefore, focusing on feedstock opportunities, extending a match with the economic incentives, and raising the overall awareness to involve the country in sustainable aviation. Thus, envelope-pushing and collaborative actions of policymakers, industrial players, and the public are very central towards unlocking the optimal potential for SAF and contributing towards climate goals for nations and the aviation industry.

Chapter 6: Conclusion and Recommendations

This chapter intends to provide the research findings and relate them to the research objectives of the study as well as provide recommendations for the use and diffusion of SAF and other LCFS in the context of Indian aviation sector. A return to the main goals of the discussion will show how the research has advanced the knowledge of the possible roles of SAF in decreasing the environmental impact of air transportation in the context of India. Lastly, various policy suggestions, industry recommendations and research hypotheses will be provided for the policymakers, the industry participants and scholars towards meeting the challenges highlighted and leveraging on the opportunities for enhancing sustainable aviation in India.

6.1 Conclusions

It concludes that there are several options for AF, ly SAF produced from different raw materials, hydrogen, and electrical power. All the alternatives are unique though come with specific benefits and drawbacks in relation to the Indian aviation industry concerning financial and resource limitations as well as environmental sustainability.

Out of the various biofuels, SAF synthesized from non-food feedstock such as agricultural waste, waste oil, & municipal waste appears to be highly feasible. These feedstocks are also available in India and incorporating them for the production of SAF also fits the waste minimization and carbon footprint reduction plan for the country(Kabeyi and Olanewaju, 2022). Furthermore, more so the processes of Hydrothermal Liquefaction (HTL) and biofuel derived from Carinata have revealed the feasibility in the Indian context for the production of SAF. These processes also utilise locally available feedstocks, and although the environmental foot print is rather high in compare to conventional jet fuels, it is considerably low.

Economic factors are equally important as the environmental one to decide whether SAF and other low-carbon fuels are viable or not. Based on the analysis of investments, costs, and revenues, it can be stipulated that the establishment of SAF production is profitable because even though the initial investment is significantly higher than the investments in HFO or other traditional fuels, the revenues from their consumption, decreased import of fuels, and possible carbon credits are significantly higher. As well there are expecting that economists of cost will be implemented in the future train for increasing the scale of production, and then SAF will be cheaper than the Mazda.

Other low carbon options include hydrogen and electric aviation and are generally beneficial in their ability to cut down on greenhouse emissions. Still, these technologies are not as advanced as SAF and they experience difficulties connected with the creation of an appropriate infrastructure and cost(Jones et al. 2022). For instance, a renewable like hydrogen, means a large capital expenditure which would be needed in infrastructure for generating, storing and distributing hydrogen. Consequently, though these alternatives are viable for future consideration, SAF is the most practical solution that India's aviation industry can implement now.

It can be stated that SAF seems to be the best choice for Indian aviation due to its compatibility with the existing infrastructure as well as the availability of the feedstock and possible CO2 emission reduction levels. Wind and hydrogen energy still make good topics for the future research and development the two are not feasible for implementation today.

The general knowledge of SAF and other low-carbon fuels among the public and the industries are important in the success of their implementation. The empirical investigation revealed that, due to increased consciousness in environmental issues in India, however, the existence of SAF and the advantages it has is little known by the public even the aviation fraternity(Graver et al. 2022). This seems to pose a major problem towards popularizing the use of sustainable fuel in the market as people are unaware of it.

Industry practices are vital to encourage the change in the industry to support SAF, and are pertinent in the green finance area. According to the information provided in the study, the elements that contribute to change are the system of incentives that involve adequate funding for the financial support influencing the industry stakeholders' desire to invest in sustainable technologies. However, through green finance procedures such as carbon costs, green bonds, and subsidy for SAF production, the above fuels' costs must remain viable. However, for these initiatives to be effective, one has to involve the serious support of the government as well as the private sectors.

But the study also underlined the need to address the integration issue across the heterogeneous structure of the supply chain that involves airlines, the fuel producers, policymakers, and members of the public. Therefore, there is need to employ communication and engagement strategies in the interests of garnering support on the utilization of SAF(Prasad et al. 2022). Educational sessions developed and distributed to the general population regarding the environmental and economical impact of SAF will assist in creating the consumer pull for eco-friendly air travel.

Thus, it is advisable to heighten the level of public awareness and encourage the industries actively engage in the implementation of SAF in India. This calls for a multi-pronged approach of using information, timely policies, as well as support from the industry to make the shift to sustainable fuels strategic and successful.

The future of SAF and other low-carbon fuels hence depends on several factors such as costs of production, the demand and the incentives that are offered economically. According to the research done in the study, SAF production costs slightly higher than the normal jet fuel market prices but the economic returns of the product in the long run are worthy.

Another economic benefit of using SAF is that it can help India to minimises the dependence on imported hydrocarbons – fossil fuels(Harichandan et al.2023). That way, India will be in a better position to offer energy security and mitigation against volatility in the global market for oil, through manufacture of SAF locally. Also, the creation of a domestic SAF industry may lead to job creation and economic uplift mandated by feedstock supply from the rural regions.

The study also unveiled the possibilities of the programme yielding revenues from the carbon credits and other market instruments. It should be noted that due to the rising expectations of the global community to reduce carbon emissions, companies, including airlines, that use SAF can potentially benefit from the existing and expanding trend of carbon-neutral activities. This may add new revenues in airlines of India and make a competitive edge in the international market.

It is noteworthy, though, that for SAF to be economically feasible the use of subsidies and other incentives are paramount(Anika et al.2022). The research established that currently there is an absence of adequate policies in India that will enable the development of SAF with capacity of commercial production. Hence, it is needed to have the tax incentives, subsidies, and the investment in the infrastructure to support the further development of SAF production to directly compete with the regular fuels.

Therefore, on the prognosticative view, the outlook of SAF Economy in India is bright but drew heavy infrastructure support from government and business sector. The existing from the present case study, it can be concluded that with the appropriate and adequate polices and investments, SAF could feature as an essential part of India's sustainable aviation growth model that is economical and ecologically efficient.

The use of SAF and other LCF in India now has several major challenges, especially in the supply chain and organizational management system. The paper outlined the main issues that need to be resolved to enable the use of sustainable aviation fuels.

This is due to the fact that the chain of supply of SAF is long starting from feedstock suppliers, fuel producers, airlines, regulators among others. Such stakeholders are not well-coordinated hence leading to delayed means of production and slow distribution of SAF(Qazi, 2022). The analysis also pointed out the necessity of elaborating a more integrated model to improve the supply chain management to enhance the possibility of SAF production and delivery.

The second obvious problem is the high cost of SAF production where there has been a significant problem of economies of scale. The study inferred that a lot of investment was required to come up with cheap production facilities and infrastructure for the production of SAF. This involves embedding production centers in certain regions to enhance the provision of SAF to several airports and to cut transport expenses as well.

The final category of factors contributing to the delay in SAF adoption is the organizational barriers that are present in organizations as well. Due to its novel technologies and an unpredictable market disposition, a large number of airlines and fuel producers are risk-averse regarding SAF. This is due to absence of the clarity of the regulations appended to the nature in addition to long-term policy support(Puliafito, 2023)). Unless the governments step in and support industries, they will not be willing to invest in SAF at all.

The key drivers of SAF industry in India are high oil prices, technological readiness, and established automotive companies; however, the disadvantages are high production costs, shortcomings of supply chains, and organizational unwillingness to resort to new technologies. Solving these issues will be possible only with the help of active cooperation of both governments and non-government organizations, additional legislation and infrastructure creation, as well as inter-branch cooperation. These can be eliminated if proper support is provided, and thus, there will be wider acceptance of SAF in the aviation industry of India.

Thus, it was possible to provide the answers to the formulated research objectives within this study because this paper focused on the prospective of Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) and other low-carbon fuels (LCF) for the Indian aviation industry. In the first instance, the examination targeted SAF, especially bio-based SAF drawn from non-food feedstock such as agricultura waste, as the most sustainable option for the current aircraft usage in the Indian avenue based on compatibility with existing structures and availability of local resources. The study also pointed out the lack of knowledgeable consumers and poor industry standards and practices as areas that require improvement for increasing SAF adoption while calling for collaboration between the industry and government. Conducted economic analysis showed that at present, SAF production is not economically feasible but the long-term returns will show long-term benefits of reduced imported fossil fuels and possible returns from carbon credits, make SAF as a viable investment for sustainable aviation for India. Lastly, the study outlined main challenges, which include supply chain issues and high production cost and presented a set of recommendations on how to deal with these issues. In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of SAF in creating a green aviation for India in the future as long as correct policies, structures and campaigns are in place.

6.2 Recommendations

Based on the analysis of the factors affecting the indigenous SAF adoption in India, the following strategic activities are suggested. The government has to offer fin emanial incentives like subsidies, tax credits and carbon pricing to reduce the cost of SAF production and attract investors(Yakubson 2020)). SAF's market requires consumer understanding and raising the industry's awareness, which can be achieved through using public awareness campaigns. Furthermore, there is a need to continue developing the production capacities with emphasis on regional production centers and cost-efficient logistic chains in order to bring down the cost of SAF production. Last of all, the support of airline companies, fuel manufacturers, and policymakers will guarantee the collective and efficient shift towards the green mode of air transportation.

The following strategic actions are suggested, in order to make the use of SAF in India's aviation industry successful: Firstly, the government should subsidize SAF production, offer tax incentives, and implement carbon pricing to reduce production costs (Alvestad, et al. 2020). There also should be continued public awareness campaigns to educate the general consumer and technical commercial audience about SAF and its benefits to create increased demand. Furthermore, work should be done on creating regional hubs, and building the effective supply chain to decrease the cost of production and distribution. Effort of the airline, producer, policy maker, and other supply chain participants is needed to overcome organizational issues and establish safer integration of SAFs. More research should be conducted into other low carbon substitutes including hydrogen and electric aviation so that the future sustainability of the aviation industry within India can be maintained (Wang, et al. 2023). By adopting the measures outlined above, India can become a pioneer in green aviation and contribute to the advancement of the country's economy and the protection of the environment at the same time.

It is crucial to develop a comprehensive policy framework that includes long-term regulatory support for SAF adoption. This could involve setting mandatory SAF blending targets for airlines, similar to biofuel mandates in other sectors, to ensure consistent demand and stimulate production. Another important recommendation is the establishment of public-private partnerships (PPPs) to share the financial burden and technological expertise required for SAF development. Such collaborations can accelerate innovation and infrastructure development by pooling resources from government bodies, private enterprises, and research institutions. Moreover, the creation of a national task force dedicated to overseeing the implementation and progress of SAF initiatives would ensure that policies are effectively executed and that any challenges are promptly addressed. Finally, it's important to invest in workforce training and development programs to build the necessary skills and knowledge for operating SAF production facilities and maintaining the related infrastructure. By adopting these additional recommendations, India can create a robust ecosystem for SAF that aligns with its broader environmental goals while enhancing the competitiveness of its aviation sector.

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