Cardiovascular Physiology & Heart Attack: Anatomy, Function & Prevention Sample

Introduction To Cardiovascular Physiology & Heart Attack: Anatomy, Function & Prevention Sample

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Introduction

Physiology is a study which has discussed a detailed overview of a specific topic which is directly related to the human body or other organs of the human body. The Cardiovascular System has been selected for discussing and completing this study in a proper way. This specific study has shed light on the exploration of the cardiovascular system and its potential impact on the human body. This study has also been incorporated with the anatomical system of the human heart and a relationship between heart anatomy and heart function in the human body. This study has also incorporated the signs and symptoms of a Heart Attack which has been selected as a health issue.

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Anatomical system of the human heart

The heart has been considered as the main organ in the cardiovascular system which is also a network containing blood vessel. In addition, it is pumping blood throughout the body by which blood pressure and heart rate have been controlled. The human heart has been located in front of the chest and it has sat behind the sternum left and ribcage protecting the heart. Blood delivers nutrients and oxygen to all cells and removing CO₂ and waste products have been made by all cells (Walker et al. 2020). Basically, heat has been made up of four different chambers such as 2 lower chambers known as the right and left ventricles, and 2 upper chambers known as the left and right atrium. As depicted by Sahara, (2023), muscle cells are controlling the heartbeat, and conducting cells are carrying electric signals. It has also been made up of four different valves pulmonary, tricuspid, aortic, and mitral valves.

Figure 1: Cardiovascular System

(Source: Thenurseslab, 2023)

The above figure has depicted the anatomical system of the human heart and it has been composed of some connective tissue, cardiac muscle, and endothelium. On that note, it is enabling the heart in contracting and allowing heartbeat synchronisation. As opined by Gupta, (2021), the heart has been composed of three different layers Epicardium, Myocardium, and Endocardium. The epicardium is an outer layer of the heart wall and it is called the Viscera pericardium. It is protecting all inner heart layers and producing pericardial fluid. On the other hand, the myocardium is considered as the middle heart layer which enables heart contractions. Besides, Endocardium is the inner layer of the heart which is covering heart valves and an infection can occur on this layer which leads to endocarditis. As suggested by Sharma et al. (2023), Heart Automaticity has been addressed as a fundamental physiological function present in the higher organisms. Along with that, this kind of spontaneous activity has been initiated with the help of specialised individuals of cardiac cells which are generating “Periodical Electrical Oscillations”. Conduction System has been addressed as networks of cells, signals, and nodes which is controlling the heartbeat. In addition, in each and every heartbeat, all-electric signals are travelling through the heart. On that note, all those signals have caused various kinds of parts of the heart for expanding and contracting.

Figure 2: Conduction System

(Source: Sizer et al. 2020)

Relationship between heart function and heart anatomy

The human heart has consisted of four chambers and all four valves are one-way which are regulating normal blood flow in the body. The circulating system has a major function like it has been maintained with the help of blood vessels which are circulating blood throughout the body and return to the heart. As per the words of Koepp et al. (2020), it has been evaluated that the heart pumps blood throughout the body and controls the heartbeat. Blood has sent nutrients and oxygen to all body parts and carries all unwanted CO₂ and waste materials. On the other hand, as suggested by Obokata et al. (2019), the heart has been composed of three different layers Epicardium, Myocardium, and Endocardium. Apart from that, the human heart circulates hormones and essential substances into the body and also pumps oxygenated blood into the body. As a result, the heart functions well manner and keeps health safe and normal.

Besides, blood has been pumped with the help of the heart and is carried Carbon Dioxide into the lungs which is allowing them for breathing it and breathing out. Moreover, all heart valves are helping to flow blood in an accurate direction (Mantri et al. 2021). Similarly, blood circulation is taking a place in the circuits in the heart. Among them, the first one has been addressed as Pulmonary Circuit and the second one has been addressed as Systematic Circuit. According to the statement of Sanz et al. (2019), it has been observed that blood pressure has originated like an action of heart pump. It is also a measurable force that is exerted with the help of blood against the blood vessel walls. The epicardium is an outer layer of the heart wall and it is called the Viscera pericardium. It is protecting all inner heart layers and producing pericardial fluid (Sharma et al. 2023). On the other hand, the myocardium is considered as the middle heart layer which enables heart contractions. Besides, Endocardium is the inner layer of the heart which is covering heart valves and an infection can occur on this layer which leads to endocarditis.

Signs and symptoms of heart attack

Heart attack has also been known as Myocardial Infarction and it happens while a single part of the heart muscle does not have enough blood. “Coronary Artery Disease” is the major cause of heart attack and it may stop the blood flow in the heart muscle. Several kinds of symptoms have been identified due to heart attacks. Discomfort or chest pain is a major symptom which has been identified due to heart attack in the human body. According to the statement of Sahara, (2023), it has been evaluated that most of heart attack incidents have involved in left-side chest discomfort which lasts more than some minutes. This kind of discomfort may go back and also come back. On the other hand, SOB or shortness of breath is another symptom that has been observed after the occurrence of heart attack. Based on the perspective of Obokata et al. (2019), it has been observed that lack of physical activities, lifestyle changes, and cardiac rehabilitation are major risk factors for occurring heart attacks in the human body. In addition, it is pumping blood throughout the body by which blood pressure and heart rate have been controlled. Henceforth, it has been evaluated that heart attack has several kinds of signs and symptoms which are affecting individuals' health and lifestyle on a daily basis.

Pathophysiology of a heart attack

Heart attacks have occurred while an artery is sending nutrients and blood to heart which is blocked. Cholesterol and fat-containing deposits are building up from previous times and forming plaques present in heart arteries. In the case of plaque rapture, then it is a major cause of clotting blood and this clot may block arteries which are the main reason for heart attack. Based on the perspective of Sanz et al. (2019), it has been evaluated that heart attack has also been addressed as Myocardial Infarction which is happened when blood flow is bringing oxygen to the heart muscle that is suddenly becoming a health blockage issue. In case, the heart is not getting enough oxygen and blood flow has not been restored in a quick manner then the muscle of the heart may start to die.

A heart attack can occur in the body of a human when the flow of blood inside the heart can be blocked or reduced severely. The buildup of fat and other substances and the buildup of fat can be seen in the arteries of the heart. In addition to that the plaques can also be the reason behind heart attacks in a person (Mratbaevna and Farrux, 2022). This plaque can be formed from cholesterol-containing deposits or fat deposits. In this situation, the formation of plaque in the heart can be called “Atherosclerosis”. The plaque can be the reason behind forming of clots for rupturing the buildups (Mayoclinic, 2023). The lack of flow of blood inside the heart can destroy a specific part or damage the heart severely. In scientific terms, a heart attack can also be called a “Myocardial Infarction”. “Thrombotic occlusion” inside a coronary vessel provoked by the break of a weaker plaque can also be seen.

Potential health issues

People can face several health issues for heart attack occurrence and that can affect the day-to-day life of the person. Chest pain and continuous discomfort can be a continuous issue in the life of patients with “Myocardial Infarction''. A heart attack can be a life-threatening emergency of a person's life and that can be a critical condition in treating the situation (Clevelandclinic, 2022). With a heart attack or heart block the blood flow to anywhere in the body can either be stopped or reduced. For that reason, the normal function of the body parts can be disintegrated.

Even after the treatment of the patient suffering from a heart attack, the condition of the forthcoming life can be sensitive. The patients can feel sleeplessness after the heart attack and anxiety can be a constant companion of the patients. Heart palpitations can be abnormal for patients who faced the conditions of myocardial infarction. According to the view of Lundborg et al. (2021), it can be seen that the feeling of “Impending doom” can be felt by the affected person after the situation of a heart attack. Insomnia can automatically affect the patient and that can lower the situation of the affected patients.

The process to help the heart attack problem

Changing the lifestyle of people with high risk or people with a genetic history must be done with the consultation of a healthcare specialist. In that situation, mild doctor-prescribed physical activity is also necessary for the process which can be beneficial for the patient. According to the view of Chowdhury et al. (2019), it can be seen that the doctor can limit the work, sexual activity and travel activities for patients and they must be very much cautious in the forthcoming life. The diet of heart patients must be different from the normal ones and that should be according to the lifestyle and the necessity of the patients.

Cardiac rehabilitation and the screening of the heart of the patients as well as the healthy people should be done. In that situation, the beating of the heart along with the blood circulation can be checked with the help of some clinical tests. The tests are "Electrocardiogram or ECG” and blood tests to show the cardiac markers that are present in the blood. According to the presumption of Ali et al. (2020), it can be seen that chest “X-ray” and “Echocardiogram” tests are also done on the patients in order to watch for any presence of abnormality. The “cardiac CT scan” or “MRI (Magnetic resonance imaging)” is done on the patient and the “Coronary Catheterization” which is also called Angiogram is prescribed to the affected people.

Normal people who are still not affected by any heart condition whatsoever can also be checked up twice a year in order to assess the condition in the internal viscera. On the other hand, the food habits and lifestyles should be changed for the people. The habit of people can be the biggest reason for heart attacks in the US, UK and other countries in the whole world. According to the presumption of Evirgen et al. (2022), it can be seen that the consumption of alcohol, tobacco and fatty oily sugary foods can be the main reason for the high rate of heart attack and death.

Conclusion

From the above discussion, it can be concluded that heart attack can be a common factor in today's world and that can be prevented with specific treatment options along with specific preventive measures. The circulating system has a major function: it has been maintained with the help of blood vessels which are circulating blood throughout the body and return to the heart. In that situation, the heart attack can be prevented with lifestyle alteration or transformation.

POSTER

Introduction

The human heart is one of the most important body parts inside the body and taking care of the heart can be the most important aspect of human life. The rate of heart attack is increasing in the whole world because of the changing lifestyle and poor choices of food and habits in life. This study is highlighting the basic structure of the heart and the mechanism of a heart attack.

Anatomical system of the human heart

The cardiovascular system leads to the organ where the heart can regulate. The structure can evaluate the incorporation of blood vessels in the body (Lundborg et al. 2021). The human heart consists of four chambers and also the veins and arteries that help the human to circulate blood from the heart to all the body parts and vice versa (Alfalah et al. 2019). Three layers of the outer layer of the heart can be seen which are Epicardium, Myocardium, and Endocardium (Obokata et al. 2019). The “Electrical conduction system” can be seen in the heart and that can also be measured in the healthcare sector.

Relationship between heart function and heart anatomy

Transmitting nutrients of blood can terminate the body's domain and the materials of the carbon dioxide and the transmission of the blood.The circuits of the heart that are consistent with arteries and venules help in the transition of blood (Gupta, 2021). The oxygenated as well as deoxygenated blood can be carried forward to the other parts of the body and that can help in perfect conditioning of the viscera (Obokata et al. 2019). The valves that are present in the heart which are the “tricuspid valve”, “bicuspid valve” and “mitral valve” are helpful in the charging of blood in a similar and unified direction.

Signs and symptoms of heart attack

There are some specific signs and symptoms which one can guess the happening of a heart attack and that are shortness of breath, chest pain or chest discomfort (Cdc.gov, 2023). On the other hand, the nauseous feeling with the lightheaded situation can be also indicators of heart attack in men and women.

Pathophysiology of heart attack

Heart attack is the output of the administration of the individual of the heart which can be evaluated by the blood vessels of the body (Chowdhury et al. 2019). The accumulation of fatty tissues and additional substances can be seen in the arteries and veins of the heart (Mayoclinic, 2023). In addition to that, the reason behind heart attacks in a person can also be the plaques.

Potential health issues

The blood flow of the blood vessels can maintain the infrastructure of the body of the human. Body elements can be recognized by a heart attack (Evirgen et al. 2019). For that causality, the regular operation of the body elements can deteriorate (Clevelandclinic, 2022). Even after the therapy of the affected suffering from a heart attack, the circumstances of the impending life can be prudent.

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Conclusion

From the above discussion it can be seen that heart attack is a common scenario among the inhabitants of countries throughout the world and measures are to be taken for the safety of people.

References

Report

Journals

Ali, F., El-Sappagh, S., Islam, S.R., Kwak, D., Ali, A., Imran, M. and Kwak, K.S., 2020. A smart healthcare monitoring system for heart disease prediction based on ensemble deep learning and feature fusion. Information Fusion, 63, pp.208-222.

Chowdhury, M.E., Alzoubi, K., Khandakar, A., Khallifa, R., Abouhasera, R., Koubaa, S., Ahmed, R. and Hasan, A., 2019. Wearable real-time heart attack detection and warning system to reduce road accidents. Sensors, 19(12), p.2780.

Evirgen, F., Yavuz, M. and Ozdemir, N., 2022. Control strategies for examining the effects of the Omicron variant on heart attacks by utilizing real data.

Gupta, S.K., 2021. Histomorphogenesis of Atrium and Ventricles of Heart in Prenatal Goat (Capra hircus). Indian Journal of Veterinary Anatomy, 33(2).

Koepp, K.E., Obokata, M., Reddy, Y.N., Olson, T.P. and Borlaug, B.A., 2020. Hemodynamic and functional impact of epicardial adipose tissue in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Heart Failure, 8(8), pp.657-666.

Lundborg, P., James, S., Lagerqvist, B. and Vikström, J., 2021. Learning-by-Doing and Productivity Growth among High-Skilled Workers: Evidence from the Treatment of Heart Attacks.

Mantri, M., Scuderi, G.J., Abedini-Nassab, R., Wang, M.F., McKellar, D., Shi, H., Grodner, B., Butcher, J.T. and De Vlaminck, I., 2021. Spatiotemporal single-cell RNA sequencing of developing chicken hearts identifies interplay between cellular differentiation and morphogenesis. Nature communications, 12(1), p.1771.

Mratbaevna, W.N. and Farrux, S., 2022. The Structure of the Heart and its Physiology in Regular Athletes. Eurasian Scientific Herald, 8, pp.102-105.

Obokata, M., Reddy, Y.N., Melenovsky, V., Pislaru, S. and Borlaug, B.A., 2019. Deterioration in right ventricular structure and function over time in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction. European heart journal, 40(8), pp.689-697.

Sahara, M., 2023. Recent Advances in Generation of In Vitro Cardiac Organoids. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(7), p.6244.

Sanz, J., Sánchez-Quintana, D., Bossone, E., Bogaard, H.J. and Naeije, R., 2019. Anatomy, function, and dysfunction of the right ventricle: JACC state-of-the-art review. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 73(12), pp.1463-1482.

Sharma, S., Lassen, M.C.H., Nielsen, A.B., Skaarup, K.G. and Biering-Sørensen, T., 2023. The clinical application of longitudinal layer specific strain as a diagnostic and prognostic instrument in ischemic heart diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, 10.

Sizer, S.S., Kabak, Y.B. and Kabak, M., 2020. Light and scanning electron microscopic examination of the Saanen goat heart. Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, 44(6), pp.1172-1180.

Walker, V., Lairez, O., Fondard, O., Jimenez, G., Camilleri, J., Panh, L., Broggio, D., Bernier, M.O., Laurier, D., Ferrières, J. and Jacob, S., 2020. Myocardial deformation after radiotherapy: a layer-specific and territorial longitudinal strain analysis in a cohort of left-sided breast cancer patients (BACCARAT study). Radiation Oncology, 15, pp.1-10

Websites

Cdc.gov, 2023. Heart Attack Symptoms, Risk, and Recovery. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/heart_attack.htm#:~:text=Heart%20attack%20signs%20and%20symptoms,%2Dheaded%2C%20or%20unusually%20tired. [Accessed on: 7^th June 2023]

Clevelandclinic, 2022. Heart Attack (Myocardial Infarction). Available at: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16818-heart-attack-myocardial-infarction [Accessed on: 7^th June 2023]

Mayoclinic, 2023. Heart attack. Available at: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-attack/symptoms-causes/syc-20373106#:~:text=A%20heart%20attack%20occurs%20when,arteries%2C%20causing%20a%20heart%20attack. [Accessed on: 7^th June 2023]

Thenurseslab, 2023. Cardiovascular System. Available at: https://www.thenurseslab.com/2019/12/physical-assessment-part-5.html [Accessed on 7th June 2023]

Poster

Journals

Alfalah, S.F., Falah, J.F., Alfalah, T., Elfalah, M., Muhaidat, N. and Falah, O., 2019. A comparative study between a virtual reality heart anatomy system and traditional medical teaching modalities. Virtual Reality, 23, pp.229-234.

Ali, F., El-Sappagh, S., Islam, S.R., Kwak, D., Ali, A., Imran, M. and Kwak, K.S., 2020. A smart healthcare monitoring system for heart disease prediction based on ensemble deep learning and feature fusion. Information Fusion, 63, pp.208-222.

Chowdhury, M.E., Alzoubi, K., Khandakar, A., Khallifa, R., Abouhasera, R., Koubaa, S., Ahmed, R. and Hasan, A., 2019. Wearable real-time heart attack detection and warning system to reduce road accidents. Sensors, 19(12), p.2780.

Evirgen, F., Yavuz, M. and Ozdemir, N., 2022. Control strategies for examining the effects of the Omicron variant on heart attacks by utilizing real data.

Gupta, S.K., 2021. Histomorphogenesis of Atrium and Ventricles of Heart in Prenatal Goat (Capra hircus). Indian Journal of Veterinary Anatomy, 33(2).

Koepp, K.E., Obokata, M., Reddy, Y.N., Olson, T.P. and Borlaug, B.A., 2020. Hemodynamic and functional impact of epicardial adipose tissue in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Heart Failure, 8(8), pp.657-666.

Lundborg, P., James, S., Lagerqvist, B. and Vikström, J., 2021. Learning-by-Doing and Productivity Growth among High-Skilled Workers: Evidence from the Treatment of Heart Attacks.

Obokata, M., Reddy, Y.N., Melenovsky, V., Pislaru, S. and Borlaug, B.A., 2019. Deterioration in right ventricular structure and function over time in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction. European heart journal, 40(8), pp.689-697.