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Introduction Of Engineering Applications (AME5011) Assignment
The compressor of Air has many applications that are based on a single principle of working. In this report, the discussion contains the knowledge of the compressor based on air pressure. testing and the analysis of the compressor are also contained in this discussion. Some tests are performed in the laboratory and the results are contained in this report. Discussing the analysis and understanding the reports with the help of proper and significant discussion are the primary aim of the research. In this report, a subsection is included as the testing of the materials. There are a total of three types of materials that are plastic, metal, and composite material. Based on these three types of material the discussion continues and conflicts with this in the testing of the materials. After giving the testing results the analysis will be more effective and will help the readers to understand the tests.
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Background
Air compressors have simple and basic fundamentals of working. It is used for transmitting energy in different ways. In the year 1888, the first plant of compressors was made by Viktor Popp. Victor was an Austrian engineer. There are many applications for the air compressor that can be used for many business purposes. First, a compressor can be used in the paint shop for painting the vehicle. For woodworking purposes, the compressor can be used as sanding in automotive shops. The use of the compressor can also be noticed in medical or dental services (Nugraha, 2020). As time went on, there was an increasing need for more air compressors that were more powerful. Another revolutionary kind of air compressor known as bellows was created circa 1500 B.C. This tool was a stretchy balloon that was hand-held (and subsequently foot-controlled) and created a compressed stream of wind that really was perfect for higher-temperature flames. Years down the line, in 1762, recognized professional John Smeaton made a puffing cylinder powered by a water turbine to substitute the bellows gradually (Vukelic et al. 2021). For each task done, one must use the principles of air superiority. created a wide range of compressors that may be used for any job. it comes in corporate sizes that might aid a firm's business module. In contrast, they also have home air compressors. Those are all intended for a variety of home improvement jobs. As air compressor technology develops, accessories follow. Since the beginning of the compressor, there were a lot of components. There are many types of compressors based on air pressure, “ Rotary-Screw compressor, scroll Compressor, Centrifugal Compressor, Axile compressor”, etc. in different business purposes the use of compressors give effective solutions according to the need of the business and the consumers. Powering air compressors is probably the most typical use of a revolving compressor in modest firms (Wu et al. 2021). Because they are lightweight and operate more safely than their electric counterparts, these kinds of instruments are preferred. Electronic tools produce heat and, if used continuously, may burn or break down. Compressed air may be essential for effectively managing a corporation, from small commercial purposes to significant commercial purposes. Many businesses utilize compressed air as a source of energy to run machines and apparatus providing a more dependable and practical utility. Using a compressor can enable smaller enterprises to offer better-quality and faster services, from the straightforward chore of inflating tires to the more complex requirements of a production line.
Discussion & Calculation
The piston moves up and down in a linear reciprocating motion as the crank turns. An arrangement of wrenches and cylinders changes over turning movement into straight movement. Depending on the guide's orientation, linear motion can be vertical, horizontal, or in any other direction.
There is a basic mechanism behind the valves that is used in the part of inlet and outlet. The valve heads that hold the intake and exhaust valves are located at the top of the cylinder. Both are merely thin metal flaps, one located above and one below the valve plate. A vacuum above the piston is created as it descends. This makes outside air at air pressure open the admission valve and fill the region over the cylinder. Compressing the air above the piston keeps the intake valve closed and pushes the exhaust valve out as it moves up. The tank receives air from the exhaust. The tank's pressure rises as more air enters it with each stroke.
Depending on the tool to power, common compressors are available in one-cylinder or two-cylinder versions. The majority of 2-cylinder models perform similarly to single-cylinder models at the homeowner/contractor level, with the exception that he has two strokes instead of one per revolution. Two-stage compressors can be found in some commercially available two-cylinder compressors. The second cylinder receives air from a piston, which further raises the pressure.
Improving the flexibility of the compressor
There are some important strategies to improve the flexibility of the air compressor. By following this steps the air compressor will be more flexible. The flexibility of the compressor is based on the design and the efficiency.
- Make the road straight: Pressure can be decreased while friction in the system is increased by narrow pressure lines or sharp bends in these pressure lines. As a result, less pressure is applied at the point of use. With fewer loops and bends, a better design should produce more pressure for the same amount of energy.
- When you need energy, save it: Short-term demand fluctuations can be buffered and on/off switching can be reduced with a storage tank or receiver. When demand is at its highest, tanks can also prevent system pressure from falling below minimum pressure requirements. The system pressure rises as the pressure decreases, which can result in wasted air pressure. The output of the compressor determines the size of the tank. A 50-gallon air tank is needed, for instance, for an air compressor with 50 horsepower.
- Cool the admission air: Moving the compressor inlet outside in the shade can reduce the amount of energy required for compression because compressing cold air requires less energy than compressing warm air increase. For instance, a drop of 20 degrees Fahrenheit can result in a 3.8% reduction in operating expenses.
- Make use of a few small compressors: Curiously large air blowers consume more energy per unit at fractional burden and can be exceptionally wasteful. Using a lot of small compressors and sequencers that can shut down a portion of the system by shutting down only a portion of the compressor can be beneficial for these kinds of systems.
Boosting air blower proficiency for the most part begins with distinguishing the variables that are depleting the framework. For maximum efficiency, energy-efficient compressors rely on both design and control.
A well-maintained system design tailored to the application and well-tuned controls to approach minimum pressure are required for the most effective air compressor system.
Make the system run better by using the following methods:
- Enhances air intake quality.
- Adjust the control for the air compressor.
- Enhance system structure.
- Think about how much compressed air you need.
- Limit the loss of pressure.
- Compressor should be maintained.
Using these strategies to get the most out of the compressor's efficiency can also make the air compressor work better and last longer.
Calculations
B = damping coefficient = 2000
M = mass = 95
X = displacement = 0.098
K =?
From,
MG = KX
2000/ 95 = K * 0.098
K = 2.063
From the equation the value of K can be assumed that is 2.063.
Material Testing
There are many different processes for the testing of the compressor based on air. The testing is mainly done to evaluate the strength and efficiency of the compressor and the materials. Here in this report, there are the tensile testing and the bending testing of the component. The given component is the air compressor (Hwang et al. 2019). In the testing, there are some sub points for discussion purposes. First, the testing contains the subsection of the procedure of the test and then the theory and result take part. With the help of the testing, the efficiency can be determined. The tests and the needed discussions are given below,
Tensile Testing
Tensile tension is essentially a very straightforward idea. A specified amount of stretch must be produced to a component at several spots to determine its real tensile stress rating. Pulling the cloth at two different spots is the simplest method to do this. Designers and technicians may forecast how a component will respond if an equivalent power is put into it for any use it intended by assessing the degree of tensile power necessary to extend it to its crisis line (Zhou et al. 2022). The benefit of tensile force testing is the lack of extensive processing needed to make components suitable for the test. In this process of testing, there are some step-by-step processes that need to be followed for performing the test. In this test, there is some test included. The tensile pieces collected just need to be trimmed to fit into the equipment, this is all. There is no requirement to thoroughly prepare the practice tests, such as by cleaning up flaws or determining how rough the graph's texture is. The examination itself is made to subject the substance to extreme pressures and tensions (Duan et al. 2020). This will then determine the substance's suitability for the intended use.
In this above-given figure, the graph depicts the result of testing of tensile of the air compressor (Ren et al. 2022). In this testing, there are two different models one is AI and the other one is CU. in this part the analysis is made based on the AI analysis and the figure is the output of the test. In this above-given figure, there is specimen 1. According to the test, the increasement in the load is noticed in the first part of the test. With respect to the time, there are noticed some decrement in the graph. That means the load is high at the beginning but rest to the time the load is reduced. The graph is made between the load and the extension of the specimen.
The above figure will depict the test of tensile. This test is done based on the Cu analysis and the given graph will depict the construction of the output. This graph can be considered as the output result of the test (Basha et al. 2020). After analyzing the testing the result comes. in this output graph that can be noticed that at the beginning the level of load is higher than the level of load in the AI test. That means in the cu test the level of load is higher than in the AI test. According to the time the load gets a break at a time. This is the main point that has to be considered as the assumption of the test.
Impact Testing
The study of various materials' properties involves impact testing. Strength, ductility, toughness, and hardness are some examples. The sample is subjected to a sudden load in order to measure the notched impact strength.
The impact value of a material can vary depending on its size, temperature, and the amount of plastic deformation it can accommodate. As a result, it is essential to ascertain whether the material is brittle or tough. The change in influence values can be helped by temperature (Liu et al. 2020). This generally indicates that the material's impact energy decreases with temperature. The material's impact energy increases as temperature rises.
The Izod Impact Tester's findings are greatly influenced by size. Many imperfections that can occur in materials outweigh factors. These go about as pressure risers to lessen influence energy.
The above given figure depicts the graphical value of the compressor of air with the help of three axis’s. Some important factors are need to be consider to determine the graphical value of this graph of impact testing. The loss is the main factor depending on the time. And the loss is huge at the beginning of the test. It depicts the fundamental loss respect to the time of the given component or material. Here in this testing procedure the given material is the compressor of air.
The above given figure depicts the analysis of impact that is done with the help of excel analysis. In the figure there are some important factors that need to be consider as their impact on the material is important. According to the analysis the deflection has the increasing manner in all the factors. Compressor of air will be deflected when it held on the testing of impact testing.
Bending Testing
Utilizing a cylinder with a radius of approximately four times that material's density is necessary for the flexure test. Installed in a vice with the made pursuant additional option, the experiment is twisted over the spindle until its joints are equal (Cui et al. 2018). Continuously stretch the object back and forward across a 180 ° position. The stretching need to go on unless the basic metal breaks. All through the procedure, the material must remain in touch only with the mandrel's surface. When folding, tension must be applied gradually and steadily. Under 4X examination, check the pattern's distorted region to determine if the covering is chipping or peeling away from the substrate. If the covering fractures or blisters, it can be lifted off with a dagger or other pointed object. Except if the covering can be easily ripped away, cracks by themselves may not always indicate a lack of adherence. When excessively hard or fragile materials are put through adherence testing, shattering is not uncommon. In this form of custodial bending, the test can define the flexibility of the given material. All the process of this test is done on a simple machine that is made for this kind of bending test.
The above figure depicts the result of the test. In this part, the test is based on the flexibility or bending test of the given component. In this case of the test, there are also two parts one is AI and the other one is Cu (Wang et al. 2019). in the given test the graph can be easily depicted the output of the test. In the output graph, the outline denotes that in the beginning the flexibility going well, but at a time the flexibility will pause and remain the same according to the time. At the end of the test, a little number of decrements are noticed n the graph which will help to understand that at the end the bending efficiency is reduced.
The above figure depicts the result of the test. In this part, the test is based on the flexibility or bending test of the given component. In this case of the test, the test is done depending on the Cu analysis. in the given test the graph can be easily depicted the output of the test. In the output graph, the outline denotes that in the beginning the flexibility going well, but at a time the flexibility will pause and remain the same according to the time. The flexibility level gets higher to a significant height and then continues the height and moves towards the right. This nature of the graph is describing that the test of bending goes well and no reduction is noticed. In this figure there are two lines in the graph one line is for the load and the other line is for the Flexure of the graph according to the topic of the assignment.
In the excel sheet, there is the data provided that is based on the extension and the load data. The data will gather from the lab experiments. The values of extension and load are according to the time. This depicts that the load and the extension give different values based on different times (Lin et al. 2019). The above graph is the result of the excel sheet. By performing a disting analysis the graph is made according to the data of the extension and the data of the load. In the graph, there are three lines. The three lines are time, extension, and load. The graph of extension is quite similar to the graph of the time. From the beginning to the end of the test there is a linear form of the graph made by the extension element. But the load graph is quite different. In the beginning, the graph of load increases more than the extension and at a level, the graph of load stops increasing rapidly. A little level of increment is noticed in the graph of load.
The above graphs are the results of the material testing, depending on the results it can be easily said that the result is replied to the testing, and depending on the testing the effectiveness and durability of the given air compressor can be easily calculated.
Conclusion
According to the test results and the graphs, the material testing is very effective and gives the actual output result. After performing the test it can easily be concluded that the component, that means the air compressor is highly efficient and the durability of the compressor is high. With respect to time, the compressor stays and works according to time. The loading efficiency is high and the extension of the compressor is also at the upper level. The testing of the material is effective because of the output graph and the analysis made depending on the true value explanation.
References
Journals
- Nugraha, I.H., 2020. RANCANG BANGUN SISTEM MAINTENANCE AIR COMPRESSOR (STUDI KASUS: PETRONAS CARIGALI INDONESIA) (Doctoral dissertation, Institut Teknologi Indonesia).
- Vukelic, G., Vizentin, G., Bozic, Z. and Rukavina, L., 2021. Failure analysis of a ruptured compressor pressure vessel. Procedia Structural Integrity, 31, pp.28-32.
- Wu, D.C., Asl, B.B., Razban, A. and Chen, J., 2021. Air compressor load forecasting using artificial neural network. Expert Systems with Applications, 168, p.114209.
- Hwang, S.H., Moon, C.G., Kim, T.H., Lee, J., Cho, K.S., Ha, K.K. and Lee, C.H., 2019. Rotordynamic Performance Measurements and Predictions of a FCEV Air Compressor Supported on Gas Foil Bearings. Tribology and Lubricants, 35(1), pp.44-51.
- Zhou, J., Liu, J., Su, Q., Feng, C., Wang, X., Hu, D., Yi, F., Jia, C., Fan, Z. and Jiang, S., 2022. Heat dissipation enhancement structure design of two-stage electric air compressor for fuel cell vehicles considering efficiency improvement. Sustainability, 14(12), p.7259.
- Duan, Q., Lu, R., Xie, H., Ping, J., Lu, C., Zhou, X., Gao, J. and Li, J., 2020. Fault diagnosis of air compressor in nuclear power plant based on vibration observation window. IEEE Access, 8, pp.222274-222284.
- Ren, X., Feng, M. and Liu, J., 2022. Design and Electromagnetic Loss Analysis of High Speed Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor for an Air Compressor. Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, 120, pp.265-274.
- Basha, N., Kovacevic, A., Stosic, N. and Smith, I., 2018, September. Effect of oil-injection on twin screw compressor performance. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 425, No. 1, p. 012009). IOP Publishing.
- Cui, Y., He, D., Wu, H., Ying, W. and Huang, H., 2018. Numerical Simulation of Aerodynamic Noise of Soundproof Enclosure of Air Compressor Unit.
- Liu, E., Guo, B., Lv, L., Qiao, W. and Azimi, M., 2020. Numerical simulation and simplified calculation method for heat exchange performance of dry air cooler in natural gas pipeline compressor station. Energy Science & Engineering, 8(6), pp.2256-2270.
- Wang, S., Liu, Z., Cordtz, R., Imran, M. and Fu, Z., 2019. Performance prediction of the combined cycle power plant with inlet air heating under part load conditions. Energy Conversion and Management, 200, p.112063.
- Lin, A.Q., Zheng, Q., Yang, L. and Zhang, H., 2019. Effect of inlet air pre-cooling of water injection on compressor performance at high flight Mach. Journal of Applied Fluid Mechanics, 12(2), pp.421-431.
