PSY4007 Introduction to Studying Psychology Assignment Sample

Introduction of PSY4007 Introduction to Studying Psychology Assignment

Psychology is a scientific discipline which studies mental procedures, mental state and behaviours in people. In simple words, psychology refers to the scientific study of the behaviour and mind (Engelman et al, 2020). The main aim of this report is to explain about the psychological perspectives along with the different factors. This report will describe about the evaluation of psychology related articles to gain deeper understanding about the topic. Furthermore, this report has explained the different ethical issues associated with the field of psychology. In last section, this report will present a self-reflection on skills for success by utilising the relevant reflective model.

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Part 1: Psychology Perspectives

Psychological perspective refers to the specific method of analysing and understanding the behaviour of the human being. These perspectives involve different approaches which researchers can use to understand why and how people act in a specific way. A perspective is a particular method of looking at conditions or situation and it is also applicable in psychology. Psychologists use the wide range of perspectives when studying about thinking, feeling and behaviour of the human being (Cherry et al, 2021). There are basically seven types of perspectives within the modern psychology such as behavioural, social, cognitive, biological, humanistic, evolutionary, developmental, individual differences and psychodynamic perspectives. The detail description of the two psychological perspectives such as behavioural and humanistic is given below:

Behavioural perspective

The behavioural perspective means acting throughout the life as an outcome of some kind of motivation or encouragement. The behavioural perspective of psychology mainly focuses on the learned behaviours. Behaviourism is a different from other psychological perspectives as it pays attention only on observable behaviours instead of stressing on the internal conditions. In today’s world, this psychodynamic perception is still concentrated on how behaviours are developed as well as reinforced (Eger et al, 2021). This perspective proposes that the keys to understanding growth are recognisable behaviour and external motivations within the environment. Behaviourism is a kind of learning theory which concentrates on how an individual react to stimuli, situations or events rather than internal elements which encourages our actions. Behaviourism was first introduced in the early 20^th century and became major force over time. A stress on measurable behaviour helps the development of particular and testable situations, improving the authentication of models and interventions. Educators or teachers take benefit of behavioural techniques such as; positive reinforcement in order to motivate the desirable outcomes between students and learners. Teachers can utilise such tactics to reward intelligent students and offer incentives to those students who show positive attitude. It will help to increase the positive behaviour in the classroom and improve the learning processes. Though, behavioural perspectives considerably contribute to the healing practices. The principles of behavioural perspectives are usually implemented in the mental health care, in which health care workers, therapists, professionals and counsellors utilise these methods to describe and treat a range of illnesses. This perspective ignores the emotional as well as cognitive procedures impacting the complex experiences of human and develops biased opinion of the behaviour.

Humanistic perspective

The humanistic perspective is a universal approach within psychology which concentrates on whole person. Humanists consider that an individual is ‘in the procedure of becoming’ that places the sensible experience of human as the core of psychological establishment. This perspective underlines the role of encouragement and motivation in behaviour and attitude. Concepts like self-actualisation and individual growth are necessary. Psychologists concentrate on what inspire people to develop and change their own potential. Positive psychology that pays attention on facilitating individuals to live happy and healthy life is a new movement in the field of psychology with roots in humanist psychological perspective. There are several methods to think about behaviours, attitudes and thoughts of human. Humanistic perspective emphasises on the significance of human factors instead of looking at spiritual, religious or divine matters (DeRobertis and Bland, 2020). Humanism is embedded in the concept that individuals have a moral responsibility to lead lives which are personally gratifying while contributing to the betterment of all people. Humanistic perspective gives priority to the dignity and moral values of the people. According to humanistic viewpoint, a person can resolve issues by science and reason. Instead of looking to the spiritual or religious customs, humanistic perspective concentrates on assisting individuals live well, accomplishes personal objectives & goals and make this world a better place. Humanistic psychology advises that an individual possesses personal assistance and they are encouraged to utilise this determination to chase things which will facilitate them to gain full potential. The requirement for the achievement and personal development is a major stimulus of all behaviour. People are frequently seeking for the new ways to develop, learn new skills, experience psychological development and become better.

Part 2: Sourcing and Communicating Evidence

Article: Do entrepreneurial education and big-five personality traits predict entrepreneurial intention among universities students? By Bazkiaei et al, (2020)

Summary

Introduction

This article examined the relationship among entrepreneurial learning and big-five personality with the intention of entrepreneurial. Further, this article evaluated how outlook toward the entrepreneurship facilitates these relationships. It explains that activities related to entrepreneurial are considered as the valuable driver of any economy and play a crucial role in creating jobs and developing economy as well. Education holds an important place in developing skills, competencies and knowledge of the students along with the employment. There are several universities which encourage students to get entrepreneurial education. Personality traits facilitate in forming the entrepreneurial intention between the students.

Methodology

This study applies the quantitative approach in order to address the objectives of research accurately. Almost 165 people took part in this research and gave their valuable opinions regarding the research topic. Data of 165 participants were gathered by using questionnaires approach. The secondary data collection was also used in this article to get the information. Deductive approach was also applied in this study in order to experiment hypothesised relationships. This study utilised the standard questionnaire to evaluate the factors related to entrepreneurial targets, big-five personality and behaviour regarding entrepreneurship along with the entrepreneurial education.

Results

This study presents a direct relationship among the big-five personality traits and education of entrepreneurship. Both entrepreneurial education and personality traits impact the entrepreneurial intention. Theory of planned behaviour was highly beneficial to describe about the intention in the direction of entrepreneurial activities. Intention as a predecessor of behaviour is not gained inconsiderately. However, it follows the reliable and balanced behaviour-relevant information that can be strengthened through rewards. Students who enrol in entrepreneurial courses be motivated to become successful entrepreneur. The education related to entrepreneurship considered as effectual tool in the educational organisations to cultivate entrepreneurial intentions.

Discussions

This article highlights that psychological traits are related with the business formation and success. There are five types of personality traits such as; consciousness, extraversion, openness, neuroticism and agreeableness. Students with openness trait and extraversion trait have strong connection with entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurial intention comes from that attitude which is based on the beliefs. Education would also be helpful for the students to get new knowledge and develop skills and gain success in their future careers. Students who are going through educational procedures in the higher education institutions can be more likely to become a successful entrepreneur. Educational programs help to adjust the attitudes of a person with the help of practical knowledge about the business. According to the research, the more students are prevailing and active, the more they will have optimistic attitude in the direction of entrepreneurship.

Conclusion

This article evaluated the influence of different types of personality traits as well as entrepreneurial learning on entrepreneurial intention. The outcome has represented that personality traits, education and entrepreneurial attitudes positively anticipated intention amid students. Moreover, this research has accepted the important role of educational factor to develop an entrepreneurial outlook. This study has identified that universities would help to motivate the students to develop entrepreneurial attitude.

References

Bazkiaei, H.A. & et al, (2020). Do entrepreneurial education and big-five personality traits predict entrepreneurial intention among universities students?. Cogent business & management, 7(1), p.1801217. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23311975.2020.1801217?scroll=top&needAccess=true#d1e1223

Source justification

This article is from Taylor & Francis Online which is a reliable website. This study helps in addressing the link between the big-five personality traits along with the entrepreneurial education on entrepreneurial intention.

Part 3: Wider Issues in Psychology

Psychology is the broad field which attempts to know how mind develops emotions and encourages behaviour (Miller, Overstreet and Lang, 2022). Historical incidents have transformed psychological perspectives in order to improve and preserve rights, prosperity and dignity of the people, contributing to advancements of knowledge at the same time protecting human subjects. The creation of ethical guidelines along with the practices within psychology has been considerably impacted from the historical events.

The Milgram’s research was completed in the year of 1963 from Stanly Milgram and it is one of the most popular studies in psychology. Stanley Milgram was a psychologist at Yale University and performed an experiment which focuses on dispute among obedience to authority and individual integrity. Stanley Milgram was highly interested in researching about how a person would go in the following orders if it involves hurting to other person. Milgram evaluated the justifications for action of killing provided by those alleged at the World War II. Their protection was usually based on obedience that they were just obeying the orders of higher authorities. They did not have any choices but to torture people and their actions were completely done because of orders of superiors aka Hitler. Stanley Milgram experimented compliance or obedience when challenged with apparently authoritative figure. Three persons were involved in the each experiment which is learner, educator and supervisor.

The British Psychology Society (BPS) has introduced the ethical principles in order to make sure the most human as well as professional method to execute psychological research. BPS is the voice of United Kingdom and represents support to the larger psychological professions. British Psychology Society is highly responsible for promotion, growth and implementation of psychology for the people betterment. The core values of the BPS are respect, integrity, responsibility and competence. Each core value or principle is explained in the statement of values which reflect the fundamental beliefs that guide ethical decision-making, behaviour and reasoning (BPS Explore 2021).

Respect – Respect refers to the significance of giving value to the self-respect and worth of persons. This involves the issues related to power. The experiment of the Milgram with these rules raises the huge ethical concerns because the study discovers vulnerability of people to authority figures. The supervisor plays a role of person who is in power because they are replicating a professional.

Competence – Competence refers to provide particular advice and facilities that involves matters related to professional ethics as well as decision-making. The member of BPS provides range of facilities which often need specialist skill, experience, knowledge and training. Stanley made the sensible decision in order to perform these tests although he understood the risk related to his decisions very well to the volunteers and other people who are participated in their experiments.

Responsibility – Responsibility is considered as necessary factor of autonomy. Members of BPS should accept the proper accountability for what is in their control, administration or power. Awareness of responsibility makes sure that the trust of people is not harmed, the authority of influence is appropriately managed and responsibilities towards people are always vital. Milgrams discovers this through putting the educator in research at risk associated to psychological damage. The educator is uninformed about true nature and believes they are creating physical harm for another person by giving electric shocks.

Integrity – Integrity is the last principle and it includes being accurate, consistent, truthful and honest in one’s decisions, techniques, activities, words and results. It needs creating self-centredness to one side and open to test in someone’s behaviour within professional context. For the experiment success, Stanley was not totally truthful with the participants. This ethical principle also involves the conflict of interest (Common LIT 2008).

In today’s world, the ethical principle of British Psychology Society and experiment of Stanley Milgram would not possible. There are many psychologists who researched about several valuable psychological issues. It is most crucial to say that moral principles are great and important to continue research humanitarianly as it is right of human being to do not suffer in their life.

Part 4: Reflection on Skills for Success

Gibb’s reflective model

It is one of the popular reflective model which used by the people to evaluate their past work and life experiences. It involves six stages which are - description, feelings, evaluation, analysis, conclusion, and action plan (Adeani, Febriani and Syafryadin, 2020).

Description – Recently, I participated in the skill development workshop which was organised in my academy. The main motive of this workshop is to develop the time management and communication skills of the learners. I also took part in this workshop so that I can improve my skills and enhance the learning procedure. The mentor stressed on the significance of SMART objective approach in order to accomplish goals within time. The full form of SMART is Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time-Bound (Hew et al, 2023).

Feelings – At starting of the project I felt little nervous as it was quite new for me and I was doubted on my capability to learn effectively. After that, I interacted with my mentor and told about my worries. My mentor motivated me and taught about the ways to make and implement the strategies. I realised that it helped me a lot in my learning and I took benefits from the workshop. Mentor provided education by giving different real-world examples which helped me and other members to learn about different skills.

Evaluation – Due to this workshop, I identified that I have good communication skills as I noticed that I interacted with other members in a confident manner. I learned about the significance of communication in our learning. The best thing was that I learned about the non-verbal communication in this workshop.

Analysis – During the workshop, I realised that I am somewhat weak in time management ability and I was not good in planning, prioritising tasks and managing time. Therefore, when my mentor taught about the time management skills, I focused more on developing my time management ability. It was quite complex for me to manage my time so I personally took guidance from my mentor. The workshop has provided the practical strategies to enhance time management skills (Alam 2022).

Conclusion – Throughout the project, I learned lot of techniques of how to communicate properly. This academic workshop also gave me chance to learn about written communication. From this workshop I also discovered how my mentor and other people manage their time. It has encouraged me and I decided to improve my time management capability.

Action plan – I should implement the strategies and methods which I learned in this workshop in real life. If I will apply the strategies in proper manner then I will definitely manage my time and complete work on time. I will also track my performance and observe my performance. I will utilise digital tools like digital calendar to stay concentrated and focused.

Conclusion

As per above report, it can be conclude that psychology is the vast study field which involves numerous specialisation areas. This report has explained about the two psychologist perspectives such as; behavioural perspective and humanistic perspective. Behavioural perspective of psychology concentrates on how an individual react to the particular situation and it does not focus on internal factors. Humanistic perspective pays attention on inherent goodness of people. This report has described about the psychology by utilising the relevant source. Furthermore, this report has explained the issues in the psychology with the help of British Psychology Society’s principles and Stanley Milgram’s experiment. Gibb’s reflective model is utilised to present self-reflection on current and future development.

Reference List

• Adeani, I. S., Febriani, R. B., & Syafryadin, S. (2020). Using GIBBS’reflective cycle in making reflections of literary analysis. Indonesian EFL Journal, 6(2), 139-148.
• Alam, A. (2022). Mapping a sustainable future through conceptualization of transformative learning framework, education for sustainable development, critical reflection, and responsible citizenship: an exploration of pedagogies for twenty-first century learning. ECS Transactions, 107(1), 9827.
• Cherry, K. M., & et al, (2021). Defining and measuring “psychological flexibility”: A narrative scoping review of diverse flexibility and rigidity constructs and perspectives. Clinical psychology review, 84, 101973.
• DeRobertis, E. M., & Bland, A. M. (2020). Lifespan human development and “the humanistic perspective”: A contribution toward inclusion. The Humanistic Psychologist, 48(1), 3.
• Eger, L., & et al, (2021). The effect of COVID-19 on consumer shopping behaviour: Generational cohort perspective. Journal of Retailing and consumer services, 61, 102542.
• Engelman, J., & et al, (2020). Leaving a covenantal religion: Orthodox Jewish disaffiliation from an immigration psychology perspective. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 23(2), 153-172.
• Hew, K. F., & et al, (2023). Using chatbots to support student goal setting and social presence in fully online activities: learner engagement and perceptions. Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 35(1), 40-68.

Online

• BPS Explore, (2021). Code of Ethics and Conduct. [Online] < https://explore.bps.org.uk/content/report-guideline/bpsrep.2021.inf94#:~:text=This%202021%20Code%20of%20Ethics,%2C%20competence%2C%20responsibility%20and%20integrity > Accessed date – 13/09/2024.
• Common LIT, (2008). The Milgram Experiment. [Online] < https://www.uncp.edu/sites/default/files/2019-01/Milgrim%20Experiment%20Common%20Lit.pdf > Accessed date – 13/09/2024.
• Miller, S.A., Overstreet, L., and Lang, D., (2022). Behavioural Perspective. [Online] < https://iastate.pressbooks.pub/individualfamilydevelopment/chapter/behavioral-perspective/#:~:text=The%20Behavioral%20Perspective%3A%20A%20Focus%20on%20Observable%20Behavior&text=These%20theories%20provide%20an%20explanation,(1878%E2%80%931958)%20and%20B.%20F > Accessed date – 13/09/2024.

Author Bio

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