ATHE Level 4 Extended Diploma in Health and Social Care Assignment Sample

Introduction - ATHE Level 4 Extended Diploma in Health and Social Care

Public health and promotions support government, people and communities to handle with the health challenges. This is accomplished by building the public policies, making supporting environment as well as personal skills (Niedzwiedz et al, 2021). Public health encompass various strands such as health protection, health improvement as well health services within UK. Health protection emphasize in safeguarding people from the diseases. The objective of this report is to offer with the understanding of how the UK government handle public health. This is accomplished by promoting researching diseases, healthy lifestyles well as responding to infectious diseases.

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1.1 Analyse the key principles and concepts of public health and health promotion

Public health in the science of guarding as well as improving the health of the people as well as their communities. Health benefit include the capability to handle stress more efficiently, eat healthy, sleep better as well as exercise regularly. For healthcare to be accessible must be convenient and affordable.

The biomedical model of health emphasize on the biological factors such as family history, employment status, mental health as well as physiological wellness. Social model remove barriers which prevent the disable people participating the community which access work as well as live independently. The holistic model emphasize on preventing the balance aspect of life as well as treating the individual in spite of juts symptoms (Edelman and Kudzma, 2021). There are mainly 2 principles of healthcare such as equity and quality. Health equity signifies as a principle of accomplishing the equal health results for the people in spite of their social and economic backgrounds. Quality care is the amount to which the healthcare services for the individual enhance the likelihood of the desired health outcomes.

Germ theory states that the particular microscopic organism cause with the disease. Health Belief Model (HBM) is a key factor which influence the health behaviour as people perceive threat to disease. Social cognitive theory highlights the influence of people experience and environmental factor on the health behaviour of individuals.

School based health education helps children to gain functional health knowledge. In medical the intervention aim in preventing the illness like immunization initiatives (Sharma, 2021). Behavioural approach include various evidence based strategies such as smoke free policies, price increase as well as heath educational campaigns which target people. Social approach include promoting community gardens which promote healthy lifestyles in urban areas.

1.2 Analyse the key determinants of health in UK

According to Dahlgren and Margaret Whitehead, the determinants of health in UK include individual lifestyle factors, living and work conditions, community influences as well as social conditions. Lifestyle choices encompass of the range of the habits and behaviours which include physical activities, diet, sleeping patterns, substance usage as well as stress management. A balanced and nutritional diet is essential for maintaining the good health. A sedentary lifestyle can help in preventing obesity as well as related health issues. Sleep also plays a significant role in mental as well as physical restoration.

Social and community support is linked to enhance the reliance in the face of adversity. Community engagement plays a vital role in promoting the social cohesion as well as unity in neighbourhood. This led to enhance mental wellness as well as reduce the likelihood of isolation (Chandan et al, 2020). Working and living conditions within UK include conditions in which the individuals work, grow, live as well as wide set of forces which shape the conditions of daily life. Social and community support has major influence on the health inequalities. This reduce unfair differences in the health status.

Socio-economic and environmental determinants include development social norms, agendas, economic policies, political systems as well as social policies which influence the life of people. Income inequalities within UK is linked with the high health care expenditures as well as health care use. Access to green spaces helps in promoting the physical activities, enhance mental wellbeing as well as reduce stress level.

2.1 Explain the historical context of the public health and health promotion in UK.

The history of public health enhance the major improvement in the health of the people which result in the efforts of the medical system oriented towards the care. This enhance the improvement in social conditions like food supply, housing, water, quality and sanitation. This is a historical perspective which is manly being linked with the nineteenth century sanitary revolution which begin the UK within 1830s and 1841s. The increase of the significant of noncommuniable diseases internationally such as diabetes, obesity, alcohol and tobacco related disease has signified the significance of primary prevention (Nyashanu et al, 2020). The modern construction equivalent of the sanitary movement has been centred on the social determinants of heath. Poor law amendment act 1834 ensured that the poor will be housed in the warehouses, fed and clothed. In 1848, the public health act is the initial step on the road to enhance the public health. With sanitation, the public health has become the societal goal as well as protect the health to become the public activity. In 1990s the germ theory lead to launch of the new vaccines, government intervention as well as antiseptics in the public health. Health coverage in UK is being the universal since the creation of the National Health Service (NHS) in year 1948.

Austerity measures implement to reduce the government spending as well as shrink the budget deficit. Educating the public regarding the root cause as well as effects off the social inequality is vital to handle the challenges. This is done with seminars, workshops as well as public awareness campaigns. Government with UK is accountable for enforcing and creating the regulations which ensure safe water drinking, proper sanitation as well as clean air.

2.2 Analyse the organisation of public health functions in UK

Department of health and social care (DHSC) is accountable for United Kingdom’s health and social care to assist individuals to live more independently and healthy live. Public health England (PHE) is introduced to protect as well as enhance the UK’s wellbeing and health which assist in reducing the health inequalities. National Health Service (NHS) is a healthcare system within UK. They offer healthcare services, provide public health campaigns as well as encourage preventive care (McFadden et al, 2021). Local government officials can enhance the public heath by offering accessible information on physical exercise, nutrition and disease prevention by health events. NHS England oversee the planning, budget, delivery and everyday operations. The National Institute for Health and care Excellence (NICE) is signifies as a self-governing body which offers national guidance as well as advice to enhance social and health care in UK.

Figure 1: Hierarchical Organizations

Policies and practices: Health and Social Care Act 2012 focus in public health function which is transferred from the NHS to the local authorities. NHS long term plan 2019, focus in the commitment to prevent the health inequalities, take concerted as well as systematic approach to reduce the unwarranted variation in the care. Change4Life 2009, emphasize to change the circumstances which lead to weight gain.

3.1 Analyse current public health policy and practice in UK

Main policies

NHS long term plan 2019: This plan has major focus on the treatment as well as prevention of the disease by supporting the patients to implement and adapt the healthy lifestyle and behaviour (Sheikh et al, 2021). Healthcare providers are responsible to use digital tools and platforms to enhance the quality care by offering more personalized patient care in person.

Public Health Outcomes Framework 2019: This framework focus in reducing the differences among the communities and people from the different backgrounds. Health indicators can highlight the results of the health interventions. The tracking of such indicators can detect the influence of the health policies, services, programs as well as actions.

Key legislations

Health and social care act 2012: The main aim of the health and social care act is to enhance the quality, effectiveness as well as outcomes of the health of people in UK. The legislation introduced the new mechanism for provider licencing, patient choice as well as regulatory oversight. The act focus in the significance of the patient choice, empowerment as well as involvement in the healthcare decision making.

The smoking ban 2007: This focus on promoting ban on smoke in enclosed public places as well as workplace in England (Blake et al, 2020). This has resulted in major improvement in the public health for the children which led to change in attitude and behaviour towards smoking.

3.2 Analyse the current initiatives to promote health in UK

The aim of health promotion in UK is to provide the people with the information which they need to enhance their health.

Change4Life: This is launched is 2009 with the purpose to inspire the social movement by which the NHS, government, businesses, authorities, schools, charities, family and community leaders can enhance the children diets as well as physical activities. With the growth in obesity, UK has set out the determination that all the people will be capable to maintain the healthy weight. This encourage the persons as well as families to seek in making healthy adoptions to create the environment in which these selections become very easier. They bring together the coalition of local, commercial sector and non-governmental organizations to use their impacts to change behaviour. This also create the societal movement in which each one plays a vital part in helping to create the fundamental changes the behaviour which can lead to people becoming obese and overweight.

Stoptober: This is the major initiative to prevent the illness and death in UK. This campaign encourage the people to take simple steps to build the confidence as well as get the support which they require from the friends and families to stop smoking for good health and better life (Budd et al, 2020). This is raised through extensive marketing on the radio, television, public transport and social media.

3.3 Assess the influence of the determinants of health within UK

There is an evidence to propose that the access to the green space has major influence upon the physical as well as mental wellness by physical access. Educational attainment has the better link with the health behaviours as well as outcomes. Efficient education people are less probable to suffer from the long term diseases. Education offers capabilities and knowledge that contributes in the physical, mental as well as social wellbeing of the people (McKenzie et al, 2022). The educational qualification is also the determinant of people’s market position which impact housing, income and other resources linked with health.

Various physical and mental health outcomes enhance when the income raises. Income is associated to the disability free life expectancy, various biomarkers as well as self-reported health. Monetary resources analyse the amount to which the individual and spend in products and services which improve health. Low income level can also prevent the active participation in the everyday activities and social life which affect the feeling of status.

The efficient local economy offers better quantity and quality of the employment opportunities for the people. Health benefits are linked with efficient wages which offer valuable social interactions to develop skills and sense of social participation in the society. Children growing in the workless home are not likely to reach the expected attainment in all stages of the education as compare with the children growing the working families (Tennison et al, 2021). Community and social connections factors have the major contribution to make to wellbeing and health. These community level determinants build the resilience and control which helps in buffer disease and impact the health related behaviours.

3.4 Evaluate the public health policy and practice and also analyse the how well it addresses the determinants of health

NHS long term plan purpose is to support the people to live healthier and longer which help them to make healthy lifestyle choices as well as treat avoidable illness. This aims to maximize the opportunities which the patient contact as well as hospital admissions brings to assist individual to improve their health and wellbeing. This programs focus on reducing the obesity, smoking and alcohol intake. Their services helps individuals to stop smoking, maintain healthy weight as well as make alcohol intake in limit (Paul et al, 2021). They are working with partners such as NHS to help people in making healthy choices as well as treat avoidable illness. The programs also provide the transfer of new evidence based interferences to handle the risk linked with alcohol, tobacco as well as obesity.

Health and social care act 2012 focus on enhancing the outcomes of health and social care services in England. This aims to empower patients, competition, enhance choices as well as devolve decision making power to the local healthcare providers. Local authorities need to meet the people care needs to protect them, fun care and their carers for people those in requirement to meet the financial eligibility criteria. Government also provide the range of services which contribute in the community heath such as sporting, immunisation clinics as well as recreation facilities.

4.1 Explain the national trends in relation to health and how they are monitored

Mental health: high level of depression and anxiety has increased since the pandemic. Possible reasons of mental health issues include factors such as isolation, social media use as well as loneliness. 5.1 % of individuals within the England are contacted with mental health, autism services as well as learning disabilities (Mental health, 2021). People with the mental health issues are at the risk of emerging the chronic diseases like stroke, heart disease, pain and diabetes (Shaw et al, 2021). NHS England is offering with the priority as well as inspection to mental health facilities. Their role is to upkeep the clinical commissioning groups to enrich the requirements to accomplish the best results for the people in requirements. This develop the national mental health approach which outline the significances for the future service development.

Obesity is the double burden of the malnutrition, as more people are obese than the underweight in UK. Having overweight can increase the risk of developing conditions such as heart diseases like high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol as well as high blood glucose. Obesity can also lead to enhance the risk of type 2 diabetes as well as heart diseases which affects the bone health that enhance the risk of cancers. The public health outcomes framework tracks the obesity rates within the UK. Change4Life offers with the motivation as well as support for the families to make the significant improvements in their diets as well as activity levels.

4.2 Analyse the present and evolving health challenges

COVID 19: The coronavirus disease 2019 is the international outbreak of the coronavirus which is a transferrable disease instigated by the acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Individuals who have severe infection with COVID-19 may practise the organ harm affect the kidneys, heart, skin as well as brain. The lockdown has serious implication on the mental health which result in psychological problem such as stress, frustration as well as depression. Health services across the UK has arrived the pandemic with the main accumulation of care. Higher occupancy rates within the COVID 19 reduce cares settings flexibility which affect their capability to cope with the rising demand such as those experience during pandemic (Marmot, 2020). The UK and NHS vaccination programs aims to accomplish the higher levels of resistance against the vaccine prevention illnesses which is major to lessen the spread of infection as well as avert outbreaks.

Ageing population: This has placed the major strain on the long term care services and NHS. Old people have the various chronic health conditions which need complicated and support. This enhance the demand for the healthcare services and long term care facilities. Old adults within the UK face with the major risk of the social isolation as well as loneliness which have major impact on the mental as well as physical health. Handling the social needs of the elderly is vital for their overall wellness and health.

4.3 Assess how the present health promotion activities are handling the national health trends

Mental health promotion: NHS long term plan builds on the ambitious for the mental health. The long term plan determination focus on the individuals with concern disorders and sadness who can access the treatments which enhance the access to the psychological therapies (IART) services (Smith et al, 2020). The long term plan endure to expand the access to the IAPT service for the people with the common mental health challenges which emphasizes on the long term conditions. Psychological therapies offer with the IAPT programme have the higher level of the support as well as success for the individuals to get on their lives such as getting back to work.

Obesity reduction initiatives: chnage4Life campaigns assist parents to identify the health harms of the child eating as well as consuming to much sugar, salt, saturated fat that make them become overweight’s and develop tooth decay. This campaign has enhanced the people awareness regarding the healthy lifestyles while improving the diet habits. This program aims to change the behaviour of the conditions which lead to weight gain.

4.4. Evaluate the efficiency of methods used to address health challenges within UK

Preventive measures has been applied by the UK government with different combination to reduce the spread of COVID 19. This include the intervention launched by the authorities and communities to reduce the virus (Burns et al, 2020). Preventive measure include testing, vaccination, tracing system programs implemented by the government. They are restricting the access to shops, schools and workplace to pre-empt the arrival of virus.

The Healthy Longevity Global Grand Challenge within UK focus on improving the mental, physical and social wellbeing for the people when they age. They invest in the UK wide research to support the ageing society and economy with the delivery of market innovation in the growing healthy domain.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, health improvement enhance people lifestyle and inequalities in health. The government needs to offer various healthy public policies and wide social influence on the health. UK government provides various health services related to public health which include service planning, clinical audit, effectiveness and evaluation of the health and social care provisions. The government of UK is making various laws for the protection of public health. Meeting the challenges of the future need and rising focus on the heath promotions as well as disease prevention.

References

Books and Journals

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• Burns, D., Dagnall, N. and Holt, M., 2020, October. Assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on student wellbeing at universities in the United Kingdom: A conceptual analysis. InFrontiers in education(Vol. 5, p. 582882). Frontiers Media SA.
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