A Study About The Effect Of COVID-19 On The International Tourism And Hospitality Management

Introduction of A Study About The Effect Of COVID-19 On The International Tourism And Hospitality Management Case Study

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Section1: Research Introduction and Foundation

1.1 Research Background

A novel coronavirus, COVID-19, seems to have had a profound influence on the world economy and human survival. The world was caught off guard by the events of COVID19 (Baum and Hai, 2020). This has a significant influence on the long-term viability of the firm. Tourism has been severely impacted as a consequence of transportation issues, making it one of the worst-hit industries in the world. As a consequence, governments throughout the globe implemented harsh travel restrictions and shut their borders, putting an end to international travel as we knew it. In rare circumstances, airlines have halted operations and grounded their whole fleets (Yeh, 2021). Hotels in most countries have been forced to shut because of government lockdowns and restrictions as a consequence of the epidemic’s impact on the hospitality and leisure industry.

According to recent studies, COVID-19 is having a significant influence on the hotel business. Because of these improvements, many employees have lost their employment and have also witnessed huge changes in the way work should go (Huang et al., 2020). In the COVID-19 economic climate, firms in the hotel industry must make considerable adjustments to their operations in order to preserve the health and safety of their staff and customers, as well as to increase their prospects of recruiting new consumers. This pandemic will also have an influence on researchers in the domains of hotel management and marketing. This pandemic has had a profound effect on the economy, politics, and the general population. As the number of people who have been affected grows, there is growing pressure to shut down the tourist industry. In addition, an estimated $1 trillion in lost export income and the greatest decline ever in tourism employment losses, approximately seven times the effect of the September 11th terrorist attacks has been recorded. As a consequence of the downturn in international tourists, the United States has lost 1.2 trillion dollars in export earnings and has seen the biggest reduction in tourism employment ever. Decreased demand from tourists has also led to serious financial issues. This means that discussions on Covid-19’s influence will be focused on the hotel and tourist industries.

1.2 Research Rationale

Even before COVID-19 hit the global economy, it had a significant influence on the hotel industry. The outbreak has thrown the hotel business into a spin and put it on the spot. There have been numerous methods of smoothing the COVID-19 curve, but many of them have ended in the temporary closure of many hospitality firms as well as a considerable fall in demand for those enterprises that were permitted to keep operating. The worldwide travel and tourist business lost over $4.5 trillion as a result of the epidemic. If Covid-19 affects the hospitality and tourist industries, this study is warranted. The pandemic has taken a heavy toll on these industries; thus, the research fills in the information gap that has been left by all previous studies on this issue by giving accurate and reliable data.

1.3 Research aim and Objectives

The study’s primary goal is to examine the effects of Covid-19 on the world’s tourism and hospitality industries. Here are the goals of the research:

• To study the impact of Covid-19 on the international hospitality industry
• To study the impact of Covid-19 on the international tourism industry
• To analyze tourism and hospitality policies in response to the Covid-19
• To throw light on the challenges that international hospitality and tourism industry faced owing to Covid-19

1.4 Research Questions

The research questions for the following research includes:

1. What is the impact of Covid-19 on international tourism and hospitality industry?
2. What are the tourism and hospitality policies sanctioned by the government in response to the pandemic?

• What are the challenges that international hospitality and tourism industry faced owing to Covid-19?

Section 2: Literature Review

The literature review for the dissertation will be conducted by analyzing relevant secondary sources that includes peer-reviewed journals, articles, PDFs, as well as relevant websites. Since the COVID-19 pandemic was proclaimed, almost a year has passed. As stated by Davahli et al., (2020) Over 145 million illnesses have happened in the last year. More than 3 million deaths have been recorded, notwithstanding a recovery rate of 85 percent. First, governments around the world issued global travel advisories, halted international flights, forbidden mass gatherings, cancelled sports and entertainment events, and then imposed lockdowns on their respective nations by closing offices and educational institutions, stopping inter-state transportation, railways, and other measures (Kim, Bonn, and Hall, 2022). Regulated conditions allowed the prohibitions to be progressively eased. In terms of infrastructure, testing, reported instances, and political agreement, the measures implemented by governments varied, but they all adopted a basic minimum strategy in terms of social separation, cleanliness, and the need to wear a mask. In most nations, the pandemic as well as the ensuing lockdowns had a significant effect on GDP because to the severe declines that occurred. When new methods of working were introduced, several sectors had to rethink their business models and distribution systems (Fotiadis, Polyzos and Huan, 2021). The worldwide travel and tourist business lost over $4.5 trillion as a result of the epidemic. Spending by domestic visitors fell by 45 percent, while spending by overseas visitors fell by 69.4 percent from 2019 levels (Ye and Law, 2021). The hotel business seems to have no choice but to look for new sources of income and cut expenses in order to survive this time. More than 61.6 million jobs have been lost throughout the world as a result of this, and there’s a risk of even more losses until the sector recovers. Nevertheless, this did not stop the sector from providing unwavering assistance to the medical community and governments throughout the epidemic. Service to visitors was maintained in full compliance with the legislation and in accordance with the highest health and safety laws despite the difficulties. The COVID-19 crisis has had a considerable negative impact on the hotel industry (Thamset al., 2020). The adoption of the latter may lead to global economic growth and job creation. As the region grows, so do the many types of jobs, industries, and sub-industries that support it. There were 15.8 million American jobs supported by the travel industry in 2019, which accounted for $2.6 trillion in total economic production and 2.9 percent of US GDP. There is a strong correlation between travel and tourism and both the United States and the global economy, according to these numbers.

Over the previous decade, the hotel business has seen remarkable growth, with an estimated 1.4 billion international visitors projected to visit the country in 2019 (Ye and Law, 2021). The World Trade Organization (WTO) projects that the number of international visitors arriving in the United States would reach around 1.8 billion by 2030. (Huang et al., 2020). Tourism, according to the literature, is the driving factor behind the great majority of human mobility around the world. Tourism is a global phenomenon. But despite these precautionary measures, the World Trade Organization believes that the COVID-19 outbreak has resulted in a 1 billion-dollar decline in international travel. Aside from going on vacation, the only other option to learn about new locations and meet new people is via non-traveling methods.

Numerous approaches have been discussed in the case that there is no disease- and/or crime-free routes and sites available. It has always been considered the worst news when it comes to travelling to hear about pandemics and epidemics (Huang et al., 2020). Residents in the locations where tourists go may also be at risk if a pandemic strikes. The tourism business suffers when tourists are harmed by disease and pandemics, or to put it another way, travel is a means of spreading sickness. More and more research show the essential role played by travellers in the spread of diseases and pandemics across national borders. In the travel sector, pandemics and epidemics are nothing new. Over the course of many decades, a number of crises have had an impact on and exposed global tourism (Gossling et al., 2020). The September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, the SARS epidemic in 2003, the global economic crisis of 2008–2009, and the “Middle East respiratory syndrome” (MARS) outbreak have had a significant influence on global tourism in the last two decades (2000–2020) (Fotiadis, Polyzos, and Huan, 2021). Fotiadis, Polyzos, and Huan, (2021) describes COVID-19 as an issue of economically developed civilizations enslaved by growth paradigms as a problem of economically developed civilizations. According to Allen and colleagues, a virus that resembles COVID-19 is the result of various linkages or interrelationships among urbanization, environmental change, globalization, contemporary capitalism, and agriculture (2016). Even if she agrees with the aforementioned points of view, Dube, Nhamo, and Chikodzi, (2021) points out that socioeconomic systems that allow for the rapid spread of viruses may be aided by the growth and growth paradigms of the travel and tourism industry. As a result, the industry serves as a stimulant for the spread of the virus rather than as a tool for regulating and restricting it, as it should be. In addition, it is said that the travel and tourism industry is responsible for the interconnected and global globe as well as garbage, climate change, air pollution, and economic development in all parts of the world. As a consequence, the pandemic is not triggered by travel per se, but rather by climate change, as previously stated. Travel restrictions have been relaxed, and governments and industry are working together to help businesses in gaining access to liquidity, adopting new health norms for safe travel, and expanding their markets.

Travel restrictions enforced by governments in famous tourist destinations across the world have had a severe effect on the hospitality industry (Baum and Hai, 2020). If there had been no visitors or tourists in the region, the hotels, cafés, and other enterprises in a tourist destination would cease to exist. Following international efforts to contain the outbreak, hotel cancellations have once again become the norm ((Thamset al., 2020). As stricter precautions were adopted at the destination level, most facilities were shuttered and, in some instances, total lockdowns were applied to safeguard the public. There was little domestic tourism to sustain the hotel business at the local level. Because to harsher “stay at home” and “social distance” laws, businesses and events were forced to close (Aigbedo, 2021). According to Elliot, the pandemic limitations have resulted in a large number of cancellations in the hotel business and the overall firm. Hotel occupancy rates fell to dangerously low levels as a result of the crisis. A whopping 90% of bookings in Rome were cancelled within the first few days of the outbreak, while the figure was closer to 80% for the island of Sicily over the same period (Mensah, 2020). Spain has overtaken France as the second most popular tourist destination in the world by the end of the decade. By 2020, international tourism to the Iberian country is expected to fall by more than 70% as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic.

As a consequence of the Covid-19 closure, the government of the United Kingdom has established a number of schemes, including the “Eat Out Help Program,” which assists restaurants in filling the hole left by the pandemic. Historically, the legal obligation of a hotel to ensure the safety and well-being of its visitors has been an integral aspect of the economic model of the establishment (Dube, Nhamo, and Chikodzi, 2021). A large number of hotels are now shuttered as a consequence of the coronavirus outbreak, but many hoteliers are already concerned about how they will comply with their duty of care once they are reopened. In response to the pandemic, businesses will be compelled to comply with additional regulatory requirements, and the public’s expectations for health and safety will be dramatically raised. As a result of the coronavirus epidemic, it was predicted that the global travel and tourist industry will be worth more than $700 billion by 2020(Yeh, 2021). The global outbreak of COVID-19 has created a crisis that has never been seen before in the hospitality industry. The changing economic situation was expected to result in many hotels operating with reduced staff, and many workers may have been placed on furlough and unable to report to work. Cross-functional communication and collaboration are vital for the successful implementation of the new Duty of Care regulations.

Section 3: Research Philosophy and Research Paradigm

The word “Research Philosophy” relates to the belief that evidence and information relevant to the main issue are responsible for their collecting, measurement, and application. Understanding and interpreting a topic’s research and ideas is an essential part of the study process. Positivism, realism, pragmatism and interpretivism are only a few of the many research philosophies that exists (Kennedy, 2017). Using these principles, the researcher is able to follow the defined study approach to the letter. The researcher chooses a research philosophy while using well-established research procedures. One of these approaches, interpretive philosophy, was selected for its focus on the uniqueness of each person and the wide range of viewpoints that exist within society. Each person has a separate logical mental state, sees the same objective world differently, and hence reacts very differently, and this theory is founded on the value of human understanding of their surroundings. This theory is predicated on the notion that the researcher has a particular duty to perform in analyzing the social environment. The study, as per this research philosophy, is driven by and depending on the researcher’s interests. The research notion essentially relates to the premise that data may be observed, evaluated and exploited as a phenomenon.

According to ukauskas, Vveinhardt, and Andriukaitiene (2018), the researcher will use positivist theory to qualitative data, which is widely accepted and accumulated in western philosophical tradition as both interpretivism and positivism. This ideology of positivism is used for the sole goal of increasing professional knowledge and reinforcing the belief in reliable frameworks and reliable segregation. When it comes to analyzing important facts and ideas, a researcher will use the positivist philosophy. For the sake of this particular research, the mixed method technique was used to analyses a wide range of mental ideas and ideals that have helped to improve the quality of the findings. Positivism holds that only knowledge derived from observation (the senses), especially measurement, can be considered reliable. Data collection and objective interpretation are the only roles of the researcher in positivist investigations. Because the researcher is objective, there are no personal biases in the study. Typically, the findings of these inquiries are recorded and available for public inspection (Kennedy, 2017). Positivism is a philosophy that adheres to the empiricist view that knowledge is derived from personal experience. On the atomistic, ontological level, we understand the cosmos as a collection of separate, observable components and events that interact in a specified and regular manner. Covid-19’s influence on the global hospitality and tourism sectors will be studied using positivist philosophy, according to the study team.

Section 4: Research Ethics

In order to achieve the study aims, it is vital that research ethics be followed. As a researcher, it is critical to adhere to something as formal as a set of ethical standards in order to ensure that the scientific objectives of your study are reached. Research ethics is a collection of guidelines and suggestions for achieving the study’s goal that helps researchers feel more comfortable and secure throughout the various research procedures that they participate in. Generally speaking, the application of research ethics is regarded to be the most ethical technique of conducting an examination of relevant literature in most cases (Roth and von Unger, 2018).

It is not necessary for ethics in research to be a one-way street. When working across cultures, business ethics are the most critical factor of the cultural influence that is experienced. Since the study and collection of data with the objective of building a research set of ethical principles is the most fundamental ethical dilemma in research, Formal ethical implications or criteria that may be mentioned in a research report include the provision of support, the permission of procedures, and protection. In order to get a clear result, the professionals must keep the ethical principles in mind when doing the analysis. When collecting information on Burger King’s new market entrance strategies, the confidentiality of the data and compliance with ethical standards were the main objectives. The analytical procedure became crucial in order to ensure that all activities were conducted in a proper way. All of the work’s activities were carried out in line with the applicable laws and regulations (Barrow, Brannan and Khandhar, 2021). There are three requirements that must be met in order to do research. Additionally, reassurance and security are provided. Throughout the duration of the research, the results of the investigation were kept private and secured from prying eyes and prying ears. It’s critical to remember that even research that have been independently confirmed may be misinterpreted in a report, so it’s important to remain vigilant.

The different tactics that were tested in order to achieve the given study goal will be refined in accordance with a variety of research ethical guidelines. There has been a significant focus placed on gathering information from diverse websites and drawing specific conclusions about the copyright authorizations of these websites (Roth and von Unger, 2018). Therefore, by following recognized research principles and standards, experiments may be verified and their findings can be presented in a clear and understandable way. Due to the fact that the proclaimed aims of a study must fulfill certain ethical requirements, researchers are required to follow these guidelines while designing their investigations (Barrow, Brannan and Khandhar, 2021). When gathering the information, strict adherence to ethical guidelines was observed. It is expected that the conclusions of this study will be substantially impacted by ethical issues. If this component is missing, research publications may be deemed unworthy of publication. In order to be effective, it is essential that the research strategy be established in compliance with high ethical standards. It is necessary for practitioners to adhere to particular ethical norms in order to attain a critical goal.

Because it included data from earlier studies, this study implies that the researchers relied on the findings of previous investigations. Students may use the university library to access their academic records, seminars, and publications, among other things. The author’s rights to his or her work as an original work of art were upheld, and the piece was published. While pursuing a fundamental goal, it is critical that practitioners adhere to specific ethical norms of conduct (Qamar, 2018). Researchers collected and examined data from prior studies done by experts in the area in order to conduct this study. They found that the university library has every record, textbook, and periodical a student may possibly require to complete his or her education. Consequently, the writers’ intellectual property rights were protected, and the work was properly acknowledged and acknowledged in return. Every step of the study’s analysis was meticulously planned and executed by the researchers to guarantee that the data and samples they obtained were representative of the study’s larger scope. Confidentiality was emphasized as a need for assembling allowed and revised data in the qualitative analysis that was selected.

Section 5: Research Design, Methodology, Strategy

There are several approaches of doing research, each with its own set of pros and downsides. The answer is thus depending on the research topic. The following research, which emphasizes the influence of Covid-19 on the worldwide hospitality and tourist sectors, was conducted using a qualitative research methodology (Van den Berg and Struwig, 2017). The following research approach is generally regarded in the academic literature as being effective. The fulfillment of analyses of reports, papers, and other materials was achieved. Despite the fact that the study’s objectives and typical results are well established, the research process used is essentially subjective, similar to that of industrial conceptions. This strategy was used to investigate the influence of Covid-19 on the international tourist and lodging industries. After doing this review, it was decided that secondary sources that were typically related to the topic matter should be used to perform the study.

The qualitative research technique is used in the following sample of research sources, which includes academic publications, academic literature, and personal correspondence, among other sources of information. As previously stated by Woo and O’Boyle and Spector (2017), the second technique is often used in the data processing and interpretation stages of the subsequent research project. Studying research methodology may help you put a problem into practice. In research methodology studies, we learn how to choose techniques and materials, as well as analytical tools and processes, that are appropriate for the issue at hand.

The researcher decided on a case study analysis as the method of investigation for this qualitative research strategy. There are several steps involved in developing a good research plan, starting with identifying relevant data and progressing through data collecting and analysis to selecting the best study to answer a specific research topic (Rutberg and Bouikidis, 2018). Qualitative analysis is primarily concerned with determining the proportion of persons who share a certain trait, attitude, viewpoint, or style of thinking with another. Finding out where the data originated from, how it was collected, and how it was processed is an important part of a study’s methodology (source, collection, analysis, interpretation).

Qualitative research approaches are being used to acquire a better grasp of what could happen. To ensure that academics can continue to study the validity of both existing evidence and new information, observation and experimentation are essential. Scholars must be able to use observation and experimentation to create and evaluate their ideas and facts (Rutberg and Bouikidis, 2018). Although it is grounded on empirical evidence alone, exploratory research seeks to gather a wide range of data and then build on it with provocative and unexpected results that support widely held and essential ideas. The fact that all qualitative studies depend on secondary information to assist researchers get a deeper understanding of the subject matter should not be overlooked. For this study, we employed a qualitative research technique to assess both primary and secondary data, which allowed us to reach our conclusions faster. Secondary sources such as academic books, journal articles, websites, and other online resources have been used to obtain data for qualitative research, which has then been used to conduct theme analysis. This study has looked at the international tourist and hospitality industries and enterprises.

Section 6: Research Methods and Data Collection

The research would be carried out on the basis of the primary qualitative and secondary research methods through making studies of various secondary sources such as books, articles, reports, and journals. This would help in understanding the different impacts that the Covid-19 had on international tourism and hospitality management. Moreover, the latest news reports of different newspapers will also be read by the researcher so that factual and authentic data about the chosen topic on which the analysis is to be made by the researcher (Tate and Happ, 2018). On the other hand, the information about the hospitality industry and its stagnant and decline during the pandemic period will also be gathered from the online internet web pages and sites. The research would also be done through detailed verification of all the secondary sources that will be studied by the researchers in order to ensure that no false information is carried forward.

Online facts are information accumulated with the help of the net. These days, this technique has turned out to be famous due to the fact the net gives a big pool of each free and paid studies asset that may be without problems achieved with the press of a button. At the same time as this approach simplifies the records collecting method, the researcher needs to take care to rely entirely on proper websites while accumulating records. In a few manners, the net is a digital aggregation of all different resources of secondary research information (Sherif, 2018). The researcher could additionally acquire beneficial study substances from authorities and non-authorities’ files and those documents commonly comprise verifiable records which offer beneficial inside facts on several studies contexts. In lots of instances, the researcher wants to pay an amount to benefit from getting entry to those statistics. The threat, but, is that those records are no longer usually easily present because of a range of things. As an example, a number of those resources are defined as categorized data. As such, it might be tough for researchers to have accessibility to them. The study substances could further be accessed with the help of public and personal libraries (Anderson and Paulus, 2021). It is necessary to consider a library as a data storehouse that incorporates an aggregation of essential records which could function as legitimate records in extraordinary studies contexts.

In educational studies, scholars are more likely to contribute several copies of their dissertations to public and personal libraries. Aside from this, libraries also collect and preserve business directories, bulletins, annual reports, and other similar documents that might serve as research records. The research instrument that would be utilized for gathering data is the interviews of the five managers of five international hospitality and tourism companies. Qualitative studies techniques encompass counting on preceding interviews and information accumulated via recognition agencies which enable a corporation to apprehend the wishes of its clients and plan to satisfy those desires (Majid and Vanstone, 2018). It additionally facilitates companies to estimate the extent of worker pleasure with organizational regulations. Commonly, secondary studies are step one in any systematic research. This is as it facilitates the researcher to recognize what studies efforts had been made up to now and to make use of this expertise in mapping out a unique course for their research. For example, the researcher might also need to perform studies into the character of a breathing circumstance with the goal of growing a vaccine (Anderson and Paulus, 2021). The exceptional region to begin is to collect present studies fabric regarding the situation which could assist to factor your research within the proper path. When sifting with the help of those pieces of data, the researcher could benefit from insights into techniques and findings from preceding research which could assist the researcher to outline their personal research manner.

A secondary study additionally facilitates them to become aware of information gaps which could serve as the call for their personal studies. The subjects will be chosen on the basis of the sampling method as the information regarding the hospitality and tourism sector is to be gathered on a global and general basis hence, no specific targeted population would be chosen for data accumulation. On the other hand, the sampling of the subjects will be done on the basis of a simple random sampling method (Ballantyne et al., 2020). A simple random pattern is a subset of a statistical populace wherein every individual of the subsection has an identical chance of being selected. A simple random pattern is supposed to be an impartial illustration of a collection. It is due to the fact that folks who make up the section of the bigger institution are selected at random, every person within the big masses set has the identical possibility of being decided on (Berndt, 2020). This creates, in maximum instances, a balanced subset that consists of the best capacity for representing the bigger organization as an entire, loose from any bias.

For wider populations, a guide lottery approach may be pretty hard. Deciding on a random sample from a big mass generally calls for a laptop-generated technique, the aid of which is the equal method because the lottery technique is utilized; most effectively the various assignments and next choices are accomplished with the aid of computer systems, no longer people. Ease of utilization represents the most important benefit of simple random sampling. There seems to be no requirement exists to divide the general masses into populations or take every other extra phase earlier than choosing individuals of the populace at random (Sileyew, 2019). A simple random sampling method is supposed to be an independent illustration of a set. It is far taken into consideration in an honest manner to choose a sample from a bigger population for the reason that each member of the masses has an identical danger of having chosen. In spite of the fact that a basic random sampling method is supposed to be unbiased, sample choice bias might nevertheless be present. An illustration of the population is created when a representative sample of the larger groups is no longer large enough to represent the whole population.

Section 7: Data Analysis

Data analysis is the manner of cleansing, studying, and visualizing information, with the purpose of coming across precious inside facts and using smarter commercial enterprise selections. The techniques researchers utilize to research records will rely upon whether or not they may be evaluating quantitative or qualitative records. Gaining higher expertise in various strategies and techniques in quantitative research in addition to qualitative insights will deliver their reading efforts a greater honestly described the course, so it seems to be really worth taking the duration to permit this specific understanding to sink in (Goldsmith, 2021). Moreover, they might be capable of creating a complete analytical document so that it will skyrocket their evaluation. On the other hand, analyzing data too will assist in understanding the reasons behind the downfall of the business of the hospitality and tourism industry globally due to the pandemic. Moreover, it would also assist in generating knowledge about the different steps that had been taken by the government and the owners of big hotels for recovering from the financial and revenue losses that they had suffered during the pandemic.

It is the data analysis that has assisted in knowing that the companies in the hospitality and tourism industry were compelled to sack many of their experienced and talented employees as they do not have enough funds and reserves to pay the salary of employees anymore on a monthly basis. The researcher had decided on analyzing the primary qualitative and secondary data with the help of studying and reading various books, articles, journals, and reports and through conducting interviews with managers of hospitality and tourism organizations (Kuckartz and Rädiker, 2019). On the other hand, the analysis of the resulting data would be through descriptive and text analysis. Text evaluation, additionally textual content analytics or information mining, makes use of devices getting to know with natural language processing to arrange unorganized textual content information in order that it is able to be nicely analyzed for precious insights. text evaluation is a shape of qualitative evaluation which is involved greater than simply facts and numerical values (Adu, 2019). With the aid of remodeling human language into system-readable records, text evaluation equipment can sort textual content with the aid of subject matter, extract key phrases, and examine for emotion and cause.

Descriptive evaluation is commonly the fundamental from which different information analysis starts. It is, absolute confidence, very beneficial for generating such things as sales reviews and KPI dashboards (Lester et al., 2020). But, as it is most effective involved with the statistical evaluation and absolute numbers, it is able to offer the cause or motivation for why and the way the one’s numbers advanced. it’s far the most basic and maximum not unusual shape of information evaluation concerned with defining, summarizing, and figuring out styles via estimations of present facts. The quantitative data would be analyzed with the help of inferential statistics and descriptive statistics. Descriptive data offer absolute numerical figures. But, they no longer give an explanation for the reason or reasoning at the back of the numbers. Moreover, earlier than making use of descriptive facts, it’s critical to reflect on consideration which one is excellent and appropriate for their studies query and the things researchers need to expose. For an instance, a percent is a superb manner to reveal the gender distribution of participants in a survey (Clark and Vealé, 2018). Descriptive data are maximum useful while the studies are restricted to the sample and no longer want to be generalized to a bigger mass. The maximum not unusual techniques for carrying out inferential information are speculation checks and estimation theories.

Inferential evaluation is used extensively in marketplace studies, to examine variables in an try and attain an end such as cash spent with the aid of female clients vs. male or within unique age corporations, for an instance. On the other hand, it is able to be utilized to survey a sample set of the masses and try and extrapolate records regarding the complete population (De Block and Vis, 2019). In this example, it is essential to correctly calculate for a consultant sample of the masses. Thus, in this way the quantitative data is being analyzed by the researcher along with examining graphical figures related to total revenue losses that had been suffered by the hospitality and tourism industry in these two years of pandemic and lockdown. The analysis of qualitative data of secondary nature would also be done through the reading and evaluation of various literary resources (Lester et al., 2020). However, the analysis of the primary qualitative would be done with the help of conducting interviews with five managers of five international hospitality and tourism companies.

On the other hand, the analysis of qualitative data could be done with the help of a thematic analysis of this interview. Under thematic analysis, the researcher carefully examines the records to perceive not unusual subject matters, topics, thoughts, and styles of meaning that arise again and again. Due to the fact thematic evaluation is a piece of an exploratory technique, it’s commonplace for the studies inquiries to broaden, or maybe alternate as researcher development via the evaluation (Adu, 2019). At the same time as this is extremely normal in exploratory studies, it is able to additionally be visible as a drawback because it defines that facts desire to be re-reviewed on every occasion a research question is adjusted. In different phrases, thematic evaluation may be pretty time-ingesting however for an excellent cause. So, it seems to be important to take into account that if a researcher picks to apply thematic evaluation for his or her assignment and finances extra time for surprising modifications. The findings would be discussed in reference to the major criteria on the basis of the results and conclusions that are being drawn from the interview that is to be taken and the secondary data analysis that is to be made related to the topic (Clark and Vealé, 2018). The conclusion would be written on the basis of this data through understanding the overall lessons that had been studied from this research and the way it will help in the future.

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