Understanding The World Of Tourism Assignment Sample

Introduction Of Understanding The World Of Tourism

The main assertion of the study is "Development of contemporary tourism and analysis of the theories of travel motivation." According to Cooper and Hall (2022; Miller), contemporary tourism is classified as an alternate method of studying the industry that takes into account factors including transit routes, hotel services, destination marketing, vacation packages, and the shifting global landscape. Leiper (1979) defined modern tourism as travel that places an emphasis on the emotional experience of arriving at a site. The paper will define modern tourism and explain its historical development. The trip-motivating theories will be explained in the following section. Maslow's Hierarchy, Crompton's Theory of Travel Motivations, and Plog's Theory of Travel Motivations are a few of the motivational ideas that will be looked at in this study.

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Discussion

Section 1: The key historical occurrences that contributed to the growth of modern tourism

The Romans and the Japanese invented the first forms of tourism in the sixth century BC. The sacred sites in Japan and Rome were visited by pilgrims as part of their journeys. The 18th century saw the beginning of the modern tourism industry as we know it today. By considering the element of transit routes in contemporary tourism, it was established in 1830 as the first passenger service trains started to operate. In 1841, Thomas Cook organized the first-ever planned trip to England (Stanton, 2022). This led to the creation of tour packages, which is an integral part of contemporary tourism and Thomas Cook opened the tour operator agency “Thomas Cook and Son” in 1851. Thomas Cook also helped in developing contemporary tourism by operating the first excursion train services between Loughborough and Leicester. In 1861, the evolution of contemporary tourism was also facilitated by the introduction of hotel voucher services to promote London as a destination. This is one of the first-ever initiatives of destination marketing. In the 19th century, contemporary tourism evolved further with the introduction of passenger flight services as the existing transit routes such as steamboats, railways were strengthened with the addition of airlines. In 1919, the first ever scheduled airline passenger flight was operated between London and Paris (Stanton, 2022). Billy Bulkins established the first-holiday campaign in Skegness in Britain in the year of 1937. However, the initiation of the Second World War during 1939-1945 adversely affected the development of contemporary tourism as the higher wartime inflation made it difficult for tourists to invest. Contemporary tourism evolved during the early 20th century (Assenova and Vodenska, 2022; Page and Connell, 2009). One of the major reasons was the establishment of Trip Advisor in 2000 as it provided tourists with the first-ever online platform for accessing information about the places to visit within a destination and planning the itinerary accordingly. It was followed by the discovery of the Airbnb in 2007. This transformed contemporary tourism significantly as it introduced a new accommodation service of peer-to-peer accommodation. Therefore, it is observed that contemporary tourism has evolved assertively in the forms of transit routes, accommodation services and destination marketing.

Section 2: Explanation and concept of the motivations for travel

Definition and explanation of the travel motivations

Travel motivation is viewed as an internal influence that drives the individual to select a particular destination based on their perception of satisfaction and desired benefits (Miller et al., 2019). There are four different categories of motivators, including those that are physical, interpersonal, cultural, status- and prestige-related, according to the "McIntosh and Goeldner Categorisation of Travel Motivation". Physical motivators are associated with the well-being of the health. In terms of physical motivators, sports and undergoing treatments pose major factors for travel. Interpersonal motivators are defined as the need of an individual to tour a certain destination for the purpose of visiting a family member or friend. Whereas the individual's desire to travel to a destination in an attempt to understand the customs of the community falls under cultural motivator (Lickorish, 1997). For example, tourists might visit a native community to learn about their folklore and dance forms. Lastly, the tourist's desire to tour a destination to gain recognition amongst their peers is seen as a prestige motivator. This mostly includes travelling for professional or business purposes (Fletcher et al., 2018). All stakeholders should be incorporated for sustainable development (UNESCO, 2023).

Analysis of the push and pull variables in Crompton's theory of travel motivations

Tourists have been travelling to the UK to attend historical reenactment events as an increase of more than 5% of tourist arrivals have found that the reenactor events are authentic and enjoyable (Hartford, 2016). The prevalence of such attitudes coincides with the regression push factor of Crompton's theory as it states that involvement in historical enactments are major driver for destination visits among tourists. Therefore, it is analysed that the regression push factor has a positive influence in increasing tourist influx to the UK. More than 35% of tourists travel to New Zealand to pursue their hobby of hiking. Travellers are frequently persuaded to visit a certain location in order to pursue their hobbies, which fits with the relaxation component of the push factor in Crompton's theory of the Pull and Push elements of tourism. In the findings of Crompton (1979), it is supported that the relaxation push factor signifies the tourist's indulgence to pursue activities of interest and take a break from daily activities. Therefore, it is observed that relaxation as a major push factor acts as a strength for increasing adventure tourists in New Zealand. More than 6 million tourists visited India for spiritual purposes and found an opportunity to re-evaluate themselves (Rao, 2023). This is driven by the exploration and evaluation of the self-push factor as it emphasizes that tourists often seek for destinations which provide them with the opportunity for self-introspection with spiritual intervention. Hence, the tourist visit to India is significantly affected by the exploration and evaluation of self-factor. However, education has posed to be a key deciding element for moving to international destinations such as the US and UK as 1075496 and 551,000 individuals have travelled to the US and UK for studying purposes respectively due to the low quality of higher education (Statista, 2023). This aligns with the education pull factor in Crompton's theory as it posits that the aim of achieving elevated standards of higher education has motivated more individuals to travel to destinations as international students. Therefore, the education pull factor plays a key role in improving tourist footfall in the UK and the US.

Explanation of the Maslow Hierarchy and how it relates to reasons for travelling

UK is a highly rated destination amongst tourists as travellers find that the UK provides the best accommodation and dining services to support their adventure activities. This is evidenced by the fact that the number of 5-star hotels and Michelin restaurants in the UK has grown to 771 and 200 respectively (Elite Traveler, 2023; GlobalData, 2023). This indicates that the physiological needs of the tourists are met by UK as a tourist destination as this need proclaims that tourists are inclined to visit the regions that have proper accommodation, and food services and the UK has been expanding on such services. In terms of travel destinations, the second need of travellers in Maslow's hierarchy of needs is to indulge in a travelling experience that is devoid of any safety-related issues. More than 45% of tourist arrivals have been accounted for in Switzerland as it is a destination with one of the lowest crime rates in Europe (Chakraborti, 2020). Therefore, the initiatives of Swiss authorities to ensure safety needs have contributed to the increased footfall in Switzerland. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the third need (love and belonging) indicates that individuals travel to renew their relations with their friends and family. Approximately 31% of the annual visitors come down to the UK to meet their friends and family (Condorferries, 2023). The Last stage of Maslow's hierarchy of needs is self-esteem which defines that individuals travel to impress social groups and achieve higher social status. 55% of the tourists perceive Paris as a luxury destination and 38% of the tourists travel to flaunt their high social status (Upadhyay, 2020). Therefore, most of the travellers visit Paris to meet their self-esteem needs.

Explanation of the theory of travel motivations by Plog's

The first category of Plog's theory of travel motivations is the allocentric tourists (Cook et al., 2018). These tourists prefer to have basic necessities such as hotels and transportation in addition to the freedom of developing their own itinerary. The allocentric tourists mainly seek adventure activities (Sharma, 2021). More than 51% of the travellers arrive in Spain for adventure tourism due to cultural offerings (CBI, 2023). Therefore, the allocentric tourists cover a significant portion of the annual tourist footfall in Spain. The second category of Plog's theory of travel motivations is the psychotic tourists. This tourist is in stark contrast to the allocentric tourist as they are non-adventurous and prefer to return to a familiar destination. 70% of the people reflect on repeat visitation to the Six Flags Over Texas theme park in the USA (Gitelson and Crompton, 1984). Furthermore, outbound tourism to the USA has increased by 5% (UNWTO, 2021). Hence, the psychocentric tourist has increased the tourism revenue of Texas, USA.

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Conclusion

The study has been exemplary in accomplishing the thesis statement. The findings indicate that contemporary tourism has developed through the contribution of Thomas Cook's tour packages and the introduction of passenger flights. The results also indicate that the relaxation push factor has proved to be beneficial for adventure tourism in New Zealand. The analysis also illustrates that the UK has been effective in meeting the physiological needs of tourists in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. It is also concluded that allocentric and psychometric tourists comprise the major population of traveller arrivals in Spain and the US respectively. The study provides a comprehensive understanding of the motivational models and evolution in contemporary tourism.

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