Public Health Principles And Practice Assignment Sample

Introduction Of Public Health Principles And Practice For Nursing Associates

Cardiovascular diseases are spreading consistently across the UK and are considered one of the most significant health issues for people. Significantly the adults that are aged above 50 are the most affected segment of this particular disease. There are numerous causes that have significantly developed this particular disease among people. However, this research has discussed different reasons for the disease along with the processes through which the disease can be overcome.

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Discussion on the chosen community

It has been observed that people significantly that belong to Bedfordshire are the most affected people of this cardiovascular disease. Significantly the people that are aged above 50 are the ones to get seriously affected by this cardiovascular disease. According to a most recent report from the NHS Bedfordshire, Black adults are the major ones to get affected by cardiovascular disease (Bedfordshire Hospitals, 2021). Almost 57.99% of black adults are the ones who have been seen to be affected by the mentioned disease (Health.org, 2023).

Figure 1: variation at GP practice level 2021/22

(Source: Bedfordshire Hospitals, 2021)

On the other hand, a report from the BBC News has claimed that the people who have an insignificant lifestyle and do not sleep properly at night for any particular reasons are the ones to be affected massively by the disease. Around 44.1% of people have been observed not to have a proper diet plan or sleep and that has developed cardiovascular diseases among them (Health.org, 2023).

Figure 2: Coronary Heart disease and Heart failure

(Source: Bedfordshire Hospitals, 2021)

In the 2020/21 timeframe, the NHS Bedfordshire Clinical Commissioning Group (CCG) observed a rate of admission for congenital heart disease (CHD) at 327.7 per 100,000 individuals, leading to a total of 1,465 admissions. The aforementioned statistic is significantly lower in comparison to the national rate for England, which was recorded at 367.6 per 100,000 (Bedfordshire Hospitals, 2021).

In a comparable time period, the rate of admission for heart failure among the entire population within the NHS Bedfordshire Clinical Commissioning Group (CCG) was recorded at 103.0 per 100,000 inhabitants, resulting in a cumulative count of 450 admissions (Bedfordshire Hospitals, 2021).

Moreover, there are few people as well that are aged between 40 to 45, also getting affected by the disease. As it has been said previously there are multiple reasons for the development of cardiovascular diseases among the people across Bedfordshire that have been discussed in the following parts.

Impact of Lifestyle Factors on Cardiovascular Disease

The regular habits of individuals and their actions have a powerful effect towards the risks of cardiovascular disease (CDC, 2023). Regular activities, weight management, sound nutrients and smoking cigarettes have been analysed as a significant risk of having cardiovascular disease. The studies have impacted lifestyle factors towards the CVD risks that have coalesced within the framework of “lifestyle medicine”. Both obesity and overweight have been analysed as risk factors in this cardiovascular disease (Gallucci et al., 2020). AHA lists obesity as the major risk factor, moreover, this also leads to the generating of other diseases, such as dyslipidemia, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, elevated blood pressure and many more. Distribution of the body fats has additional risks with abdominal obesity and therefore, has a risk with CHD. Therefore, the accumulation of these intra-abdominal fats promotes resistance to insulin, which could lead to glucose intolerance, low HDL and triglycerides as well as hypertension.

This cardiovascular disease affects major body parts mostly among adults. This leads to a reduction in the lifespan of individuals. Elevated blood pressure also represents a major risk factor for both stroke and CVD. The issues that are related to optimum blood pressure control. Moreover, the current studies have shown ageing risk factors towards the development of CVDs. According to studies in the UK, it was found that people in the 35-65 age group had more risks towards the development of CVDs, which was 1.56 times higher with increasing levels of LDL (Marangoni et al., 2020). Therefore, as per reports, eating habits such as a high diet and saturated fats, cholesterol and trans fat have been linked with CVDs and other related diseases, such as atherosclerosis (Better Health, 2019). It is also analysed that too much salt that is sodium in the diet could lead to a rise in blood pressure. Not doing enough physical activities can also cause heart disease.

Health promotion initiatives/services are available both nationally and locally

There are multiple effective processes and services that have been seen in the development and modification of cardiovascular diseases (Soliman, 2018). Three effective pathways can assist in the development and progression of cardiovascular disease. Predominant prevention, primary prevention along with secondary prevention processes are the three most effective services that are available both nationally and globally to prevent cardiovascular diseases.

Figure 3: Heart disease rate in the UK

(Source: Stewart, 2021)

The above statistics show the impact and development of cardiovascular disease among people who are significantly aged 50 and above. It also displays the prevalence of diagnosed coronary heart diseases for people of 50 and above age. Significantly, among men, this particular disease has been explored the most (Stewart, 2021). Almost 12.5% of the men have been found to be affected by this type of cardiovascular disease whereas 6.5% of the women have been seen to be affected by this particular issue (Stewart, 2021).

However, considering all these critical aspects, the government of the UK along with the NHS London has decided to promote awareness regarding cardiovascular diseases among the people at large (NHS, 2022). Prevention of cardiovascular disease has been seen to be focused on the individual or sometimes the population (WHO, 2021). At the individual level both domestically and globally, stratification strategy has been seen to be used by the government.

In the past few years, it has been seen that almost 32% of people have put a great concern regarding not taking tobacco for their daily usage as this has been one of the most significant reasons for the development of cardiovascular diseases (Castellano et al., 2018). Awareness regarding not having saturated fat diets along with stopping the use of tobacco in both national and international formats has helped in the promotion process. The health authority is estimating that by 2029 the percentage of cardiovascular diseases might be lowered by 56% (Nhsprofessionals, 2022).

Role of these services in meeting the needs of the people in the community

Cardiac rehabilitation is found with a complex intervention towards seeking the improvement of the functional capabilities, health-related quality and well-being of patients (Taylor, Dalal and McDonagh, 2021). Therefore, substance evidence towards the base support in cardiac rehabilitation is found clinically effective and also cost-effective iteration with the patients that have acute coronary syndrome or “heart failures”, with a reduction in ejection fraction and “coronary revascularization”. Despite having strong recommendations with this current clinical guidance, and referrals with the patient group, worldwide access to cardiac rehabilitation has remained poor (Taylor, Dalal and McDonagh, 2021).

The pandemic situation has also led to a reduction in access to cardiac rehabilitation. With an increase towards evidential support, technology-based and home-based models in cardiac rehabilitation have an alternative towards the traditional centre-based programs (Rodgers et al., 2019). This is mainly analysed with the middle-income group and low-income group. Moreover, further approaches to the delivery of cardiac rehabilitation are required to be aligned with the growing multimorbidity of the ageing population. This would also provide the needs of the crossing in the number of patients with these CVDs. With the more limited “RCT evidence”, the present guidelines in the management of cardiac indications that is with congenital heart disease, and atrial fibrillation, do not provide strong recommendations against the use of “cardiac rehabilitation” (Lopez et al., 2019). The high quality of RCTs in cardiac rehabilitation with this indication is required to inform clinical policies, practices, and future guidelines updates. The earlier comparisons in cardiac rehabilitation provide details in the consensus and differences with recommendations of testing, exercising, monitoring, and prescription.

National or local policies or drivers influence the care

It is imperative to personalise services in Bedfordshire to accommodate the diverse population (Centralbedfordshire.gov.uk, 2020). This entails taking into account cultural, social, and linguistic variables in order to guarantee that health information and interventions are accessible and pertinent to all parts of the population. The provision of services should be situated in easily accessible locations and be financially feasible for individuals to utilise. This could involve the establishment of healthcare facilities in conveniently accessible locations and taking into account the affordability aspect for diverse socioeconomic strata.

The primary objective of the NHS Long Term Plan (NHS STP) is to effectively mitigate the occurrence of 150,000 cases of strokes, heart attacks, and dementia over the course of the upcoming decade (GOV.UK, 2022). The potential for significant improvements in health outcomes lies in the advancement of the identification and management of high-risk illnesses such as atrial fibrillation (AF), hypertension (high blood pressure), and raised cholesterol levels. In some cases, regional health authorities formulate policies aimed at addressing the unique health requirements of their own populations (GOV.UK, 2022). These methods may delineate the order of importance, distribution of financial resources, and engagement with community members to guarantee the efficient execution of services.

Role of the Nursing Associate

Cardiovascular illness, encompassing heart disease, is a substantial health issue, particularly among individuals aged 50 years and beyond (Wayne, 2022). In the specific context of Bedfordshire, the effective resolution of this matter necessitates the implementation of a comprehensive strategy that encompasses the collaboration of diverse healthcare practitioners, such as Nursing Associates, with the aim of enhancing the overall well-being of the public within the immediate vicinity. Nursing Associates possess the capacity to actively participate in health promotion endeavours that seek to enhance knowledge regarding risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease, including but not limited to unhealthy dietary habits, sedentary behaviours, tobacco use, and hypertension (Wayne, 2022).

Educational workshops can be organised in community centres, senior centres, and other local venues to disseminate information regarding preventive measures and promote healthy lifestyle choices (Haldane et al., 2019). Nursing Associates possess the capacity to contribute to the facilitation of screenings aimed at identifying risk factors linked to heart disease, encompassing assessments of blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and blood sugar. The timely identification of individuals who are at risk at an early stage enables the implementation of interventions and management strategies to effectively prevent the advancement of the disease.

Nursing associates possess the ability to provide assistance to individuals in comprehending their drugs, guaranteeing appropriate adherence to specific treatments, and managing any issues or adverse effects (Urich, 2017). Ensuring optimal heart health and mitigating potential consequences is of utmost importance. Nursing associates possess the ability to collaborate with patients in order to design individualised strategies for lifestyle adjustments, encompassing dietary and physical activity alterations (Haldane et al., 2019). These individuals possess the ability to offer assistance, monitor the progress, and provide support to others who are striving to adopt better behaviours (Urich, 2017). Nursing Associates possess the ability to engage in collaborative efforts with other healthcare experts, including nurses, physicians, dietitians, and social workers, in order to deliver comprehensive care to persons afflicted with cardiovascular disease. The use of this collaborative approach guarantees that patients are provided with a complete and well-coordinated system of support (Prochange, 2022). In the region of Bedfordshire, where there is a notable prevalence of heart disease among individuals aged 50 and above, the utilisation of Nursing Associates has the potential to serve as a means of connecting healthcare providers with the surrounding population.

According to the Health Belief Model, individuals are more inclined to engage in preventive or management measures for a health problem when they possess a perception of personal susceptibility to the ailment and have the belief that the prescribed actions would yield favourable consequences (Boskey, 2023). The Transtheoretical Model is a theoretical framework that delineates the stages that individuals traverse during the process of behaviour change (Prochange, 2022). The stages encompassed in this process consist of precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance. Offering consistent assistance and motivation is to facilitate folks' advancement through the many phases of transformation (Urich, 2017). Engaging in collaborative efforts with individuals to establish attainable objectives and develop strategic courses of action that are congruent with their present state of transition (Haldane et al., 2019). For example, an individual in the contemplation stage could derive advantages from examining the advantages and disadvantages of modifying their behaviour, whereas an individual in the action stage could prioritise the sustenance of their recently adopted habits.

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Conclusion

The research here has been seen to be developed through discussing different scenarios of cardiovascular diseases among people that are aged 50 and above. With the help of a secondary data analysis process, this chapter has been developed and it has also discussed the consequences that the development of cardiovascular diseases has taken place. In addition, the research has also proposed a clear description regarding the service providence and awareness promotion for the disease among the mentioned age group. Reasons such as a diet enriched with saturated fats is one of the major reasons for the development of cardiovascular diseases.

References

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