Unit 27: Advanced Programming Assignment Sample

Introduction: Object-oriented Programming Design And Implementation Using Uml And Design Patterns

This report strives to give an insight into OOP and design patterns and an opportunity to describe their interaction and usage in practical software development processes. Fundamental concepts such as Encapsulation, Inheritance, Polymorphism and Abstraction of OOP’s are the foundations of modern software engineering. These principles are useful to establish clear structures to represent code, control code’s complexity, and build extensible applications. Like OOP, design patterns provide solutions incorporated to solve recurrent design issues and improve software adaptability and extensibility. This analysis examines the characteristics of OOP, including various class relationships, and investigates the three primary categories of design patterns: it can be divided into creational, structural, and behavioral. This present report will demonstrate a detailed analysis of how OOP principles, in correlation with design patterns, can be implemented to address realistic software design issues. Examples of such patterns and the results of evaluating scenario-based patterns are provided in the report to illustrate practical usages of these patterns, as well as to provide recommendations regarding the selection of these patterns by members of the software development team in various settings.

Want High-Scoring Assignments? Try Premium Assignment Help UK – Download Free Samples to See Our Expertise!

Figure 1: Spyder User Interface

(Source: Self-Created in Spyder)

Characteristics of Object-Oriented Programming and Class Relationships

Object-oriented programming is one of the programming methodologies where the focus is given on the data and not on the function or the logic of the program. Basic concepts of the OOP paradigm are enforcement, heir, polymorphism, and abstraction. This principle assists in preventing the exposure of the inside state of an object to outsiders to improve data accuracy and limit system elaborateness (Ivanova et al. 2021). Inheritance is a mechanism of passing on the attributes of a class to another class; it enhances the swapping of code segments and the introduction of classes that are subordinate to other classes. Polymorphism allows objects of different classes to be used as objects of the base class thus providing flexibility on the methods implemented. Abstraction is the process of reducing the intricacy of a system by creating a model of classes derived from the essential features of the objects under consideration.

Figure 2: Hotel Reservation Python code in Spyder

(Source: Self-Created in Spyder)

Classes being related to each other are essential to OOP, and they can be classified into several types (Årseth, 2020). In Association one class is linked to another one, but both can function without the other being present. Collection is a variant of the association where one class consists of or contains another class.

This paper discusses what Object Oriented Programming OOP is and its connection with pattern patterns, and the best work in parcel development. Concepts like encapsulation, inheritance," pleomorphism and nonrepresentational" are key concepts in objects oriented programming and are authorized to make structured, climbable and reparable applications. They hang programmers to check the offset of complexity by dividing the code into elements that may be gently reused. Design patterns, in contrast, offer high and time proven practices that destination dissuasive pattern issues.

Determination of Design Patterns: Creational, Structural, and Behavioral

Design patterns are solutions to the regularly repeated problems in the field of software design. They can be categorized into three main types: structural as well as the behavioral patterns of creation. Creational patterns concern mechanisms of object creation; they try to create objects in a way that is suitable to the situation. This pattern ensures that a class has only one instance and also defines a single point of access to the same instance (Bontchev, and Milanova, 2020). Factory Method pattern is a method of object creation where the specifics of the objects type to create are defined in the supplier interface, but the concrete class to create is decided in the extender code.

Structural patterns deal with the manner in which classes and objects are assembled in order to constitute larger Construction. The Adapter pattern fits applications with dissimilar interfaces into a common one while the Composite structure joins objects into trees for part-whole relationships. Behavioral patterns are related to messages exchanged among objects, relationship between objects and how the responsibilities are divided (Htay and Khaing 2020). The Observer pattern specifies the dependency relationship with many objects in order to be informed and updated with the state changes of the dependent object.

Figure 3: Output for Hotel Reservation

(Source: Self-Created in Spyder)

It improves the software’s modularity and hence improves the prospects of extending and maintaining the systems. In this report, this takes three main types of pattern patterns; creations, morphologic and behavioral. As it can see each design type solves some of the problems related to the base of objects as well as building of the system as well as the interaction of objects. The creation patterns acknowledge the Singleton, Factory Method, and Builder, and they deal with the meat base of objects while being conciliatory and providing the demand control.

Relationship between Object-Oriented Paradigm and Design Patterns

The relationship between the object-oriented paradigm and design patterns is that the patterns extensively use OOP principles and incorporate them in the various patterns to offer optimal solutions to rampant design challenges in the development of software. Flexibility and extensibility of the structural framework in the software systems are proportional to the utilization of interfaces, abstract classes and polymorphism in design patterns (Azimullah et al. 2020). For example, in the Factory Method pattern, clients create objects through parallel hierarchies; subclasses often override a method to specify the type of object to create thus reducing the dependencies of the creator and product classes.

The Singleton pattern employs the concept of encapsulation in order to allow only one object of the class and it also offers a single point of access to this object. This pattern shows that the principles of OOP are iterable to solve design specific problems (Lumba and Waworuntu 2021). Observer pattern involves polymorphism and abstraction to establish a one to many dependency between objects for loose coupled communication.

Design patterns sometimes can be understood as the middle between the conceptual foundations of OOP and the essential implementation issues.They offer reliable and effective development paradigms that can reduce the development time significantly since they offer reliable tested solutions to some of the most recurring issues.

Discussion of Design Patterns with Examples

The Factory Method pattern is yet another creational pattern that gives the subclasses’ control over the type of objects that are to be created by providing the creation interface within the superclass who actually creates them. For instance, when working on a logistics application where one is required to create transport vehicles of different types. The LogisticsApplication class can have a createTransport() method while RoadLogistics and SeaLogistics are subclasses that implement createTransport() to create a Truck and Ship.

Adapter pattern is a structural design pattern that converts the interface of an object into another interface that is required by the client (Fallucchi and Gozzi 2024). It could be a situation where there is a rectangle drawing legacy system and the requirement is to introduce a circle drawing library.

This distinction gives us the Observer pattern which is one of the behavioral patterns; it defines a subscription mechanism that alerts several objects of the observed object about any events that may take place. An example could be a weather station of a building which informs several display systems about the change in the weather. Weather data (observer) has a list of displays (subject), which it informs any time new data is collected.

Structural patterns, videlicet the Adapter, Decorator,' and Facade are useful in governing relationships between classes and objects to attain efficacious organizational transcription designs. Communication and responsibilities among the objects can be better handled by using behavioral patterns such as Observer, Strategy and Command which heighten the appendage of the system.

Evaluation of Design Patterns for Given Scenarios

In order to decide on which design patterns are appropriate to use for particular problems that involve certain levels of flexibility or specific expectations of program change in the future, one must take those into consideration. If an application needs to be built that needs to run with multiple database systems, the Abstract Factory pattern may provide an added advantage. This pattern allows the application to operate with the sets of related objects while not defining the particular classes of objects to be used, different realizations of the database can be easily used (Bijlsma et al. 2022).

If there is such a requirement that in a use case, some new behaviors have to be incorporated with an object but its form must remain invariant, then it is better to go for a Decorator pattern. This pattern enables the development of behavior that adds to an individual object and this can either be done at compile time or at runtime without reaching the other objects belonging to the same class. For instance, different types of additions in a coffee ordering system could be integral to basic coffee order without the need of modifying the core Coffee class.

Figure 4: UML Diagram for Hotel Reservation System

(Source: Self-Created in Draw.io)

For a large system that involves numerous objects and can be hardly controlled without complication of interaction between them the Mediator pattern can be considered. This pattern minimizes the various possible unpredictable dependencies between objects by limiting interactions between objects and only allowing the two objects to work together indirectly through a third object (Hamri, 2020). An example could be an air traffic control system in which the control tower can be seen as a central entity that delegates the interaction to different aircraft.

This report also makes an attempt to show how these OOP principles and design patterns can be applied in solving several realistic software design problems, with the hotel reservation system for illustration. I also aim to exemplify the benefits of using the design patterns, which, in fact, are the working solutions which can be used in different cases to make decisions producing the further easy scale of the system and its maintenance.

Conclusion

The study of object oriented technology and design patterns enlightens on the importance of this technology in today’s practical world of software development. Therefore, principles of Object Oriented Programming are useful in building well structured, modular and easily extensible code while design patterns offer effective solutions to typical design problems. Combined relevance of these two concepts help the developers to achieve consistency, flexibility and maintainability in developing the software systems. With the help of creating the shapes of classes and objects with encapsulation, utilizing the feature of inheritance and polymorphism, and illustrating the concept of abstraction with the help of chosen and required design patterns, the nature of numerous complex software requirements can be solved effectively and properly. That the creational, structural, and behavioral patterns provide generalized solutions to a plethora of design difficulties is clear in explaining the role of the patterns outlined above in the processes of object creation, system organization, and inter-object communication. It is clear that these principles and patterns are critical as software systems become more complex as the function of time. It not only enhances the ways of generic code organization and reuse but also improves best practices in software development. Lastly, the understanding of OOP and applied design patterns enables a developer to fill one’s hands with an effective solution to various problems when developing a software product in the innovative world as a result gaining better, more rational, and efficient approaches as changes in technology continue to occur.

Reference list

Journal

• Ivanova, L.S., Sokolov, D.A. and Zmeev, O.A., 2021, July. UML representation of object-oriented design antipatterns. In 2021 International Conference on Information Technology (ICIT) (pp. 98-103). IEEE.
• Årseth, E.E.N., 2020. The Difficult Art of Combining Design Patterns with Modern Programming Languages (Master's thesis).
• Bontchev, B. and Milanova, E., 2020. On the Usability of Object-Oriented Design Patterns for a Better Software Quality. Cybernetics and Information Technologies, 20(4), pp.36-54.
• Htay, S.N. and Khaing, M., 2020. Designing Object Oriented Models through UML diagrams for Hotel Front Office System (Doctoral dissertation, MERAL Portal).
• Azimullah, Z., An, Y.S. and Denny, P., 2020, February. Evaluating an interactive tool for teaching design patterns. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Australasian Computing Education Conference (pp. 167-176).
• Lumba, E. and Waworuntu, A., 2021. Implementation of Model View Controller Architecture in Object Oriented Programming Learning. IJNMT (International Journal of New Media Technology), 8(2), pp.102-108.
• Fallucchi, F. and Gozzi, M., 2024. Puzzle Pattern, a Systematic Approach to Multiple Behavioral Inheritance Implementation in Object-Oriented Programming. Applied Sciences, 14(12), p.5083.
• Bijlsma, L.A., Kok, A.J., Passier, H.J., Pootjes, H.J. and Stuurman, S., 2022. Evaluation of design pattern alternatives in Java. Software: Practice and Experience, 52(5), pp.1305-1315.
• Hamri, M.E.A., 2020. An Object-Oriented Framework for Designing Reusable and Maintainable DEVS Models using Design Patterns. arXiv preprint arXiv:2008.06587.
• Özkaya, M. and Köse, M.A., 2021. DesPat: A modeling toolset for designing and implementing software systems using design patterns.

Author Bio

Sam Bailey   10 Years | Eng.D

Hello student ! I am Sam Baily. After completing a Eng.D in Mechanical Engineering, I have dedicated my years to mastering academic writing. For more than 10 years I am constantly helping students in drafting excellent submissions. I am a good researcher with excellent writing skills which I got from years of writing experience. I am happy to help students with any typical topic related to engineering.