UNIT 30 Pharmacology and Medicine Management Assignment Sample

Introduction - UNIT 30 pharmacology and medicine management assignment

Individual Essay

Medicine management for patients to ensure that drugs are used appropriately and to their best effect in the treatment of conditions and chronic symptom relief. This writing contends that the proper use of medicines accelerates the rate of patient applicability of potential dangers. As such, healthcare practitioners must appreciate how medicines work and how they are regulated. Such information concerning the pharmacology of different drugs would help evaluate the therapeutic effects of the given medications. Information on medicine management is useful to nurses: what practices, procedures, laws, or standards exist in medicine and drug management to prevent mishaps that would compromise practice. Comprehending these issues is very critical for newcomers to the role of healthcare assistants in the NHS, who have to enforce medication policies as well as medicine regulations for the good of the patients about their safety and quality of care. Medicine orthodoxy must be enforced as thus, they ensure the effectiveness of treatment and the protective needs of patients are maintained at the very level after physicians do their practice.

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Discussion

Therapeutic Use of Different Types of Drugs

In pharmacology, therapeutic use is the use of medicine to target specific illnesses to relieve symptoms or prevent the worsening of a disease state (Nogales et al. 2022). Targeted therapies seek to provide relief or alter how the disease acquires the body by focusing on certain mechanisms in the body. It can be readily observed that a variety of medications is of paramount importance in medicine, and they tend to treat various diseases. For instance, antibiotics have been developed to kill off bacteria or prevent their reproduction, which is used for the treatment of various bacterial infections (Murugaiyan et al. 2022). Pain management involving pharmaceutical drugs includes NSAIDs, opioids or other types of analgesics that act on the peripheral or central pain pathways to reduce the sensation of pain. Antihypertensives, like ACE inhibitors, are employed to lower blood pressure and reduce the risk of heart disease, while insulin is vital for managing blood sugar levels in patients with diabetes (Cutrell et al. 2023). There is a role set for each class of medicine. For example, immediate postoperative pain relief is achieved with the usage of opioids, while pneumonia or cystitis is treated with antibiotics (Minerbi and Shen, 2022). Beta-blockers being antihypertensive agents assist people by lowering the high blood pressure and readying the risk of having a stroke or heart attack. The success of these medicines in attaining the desired therapeutic goals depends on variables that include patient adherence to treatment, the quantity received, and other health factors. For example, antibiotics have been found to cure infections effectively when applied as required but can lead to abuse whenever used irresponsibly (Hashim et al. 2024). Opioids as well, which are well known to provide instant relief from body pains, can lead to addiction if prescribed for prolonged duration. Pharmaceutical agents are said to have therapeutic benefits whenever they are deployed in patient management as long as it is done rationally and strictly following the accepted practice. Other drug categories based on their chemical structure or usage pattern include antifungal, antipsychotic, antivirals, and antidepressants. Its main focus is on the management of mental health issues like depression, the treatment of viruses and fungi, and the control of psychotic-tic disorders.

These drugs are usually effective at the recommended dosage, as they address a distinct ailment. However, this success may be hindered by aspects such as abuse of the drug or missing the treatment dose. Nevertheless, treating pain with opioids can lead to dependency, while non-opioids have associated risks such as adverse effects.

Physiological Actions of Different Types of Medicines

Medicines interact with the body by influencing physiological processes through various mechanisms of action. In short, these are all interactions at the molecular level - ligands binding to receptors, enzyme activity inhibition or potentiating activity of neurotransmitters. For instance, most drugs can do it either by interacting with certain receptors on cell membranes or by modifying the effect of some chemicals present in the body, this results in a needed outcome in patients (Choromańska et al. 2021). These drugs include analgesics and opioids, which interfere with the nervous system's function to achieve pain relief. These drugs interact with various opioid receptors present in the brain, spine, and some other parts of the body and change the perception of pain (Paul et al. 2021). They help alleviating discomforts in patients by decreasing the release of neurotransmitters and also blocking the pathways of pain signals. Nonetheless, their over-utilisation can induce a phenomenon whereby it is no longer effective because the body has adapted to it. Penicillin and several other antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections by destroying or inhibiting the growth of bacteria. They attack only the bacterial cells’ processes that are not found in human, animal, or other cell variants, including the action of constructing the cell wall, protein synthesis and DNA synthesis. For instance, Penicillin works by attacking the bacterial cell wall making it blow up (Ali et al. 2021). Antibiotics are in most cases safe for human cells as they are active on bacterial-specific components, however for inappropriate and excessive use, they make bacteria drug-resistant which is detrimental to public health. From 2009 to 2022, the total antibiotic consumption for systemic use in the UK, including both community and hospital sectors, varied over time. In 2019, the defined daily dose was 18.2 DDD per 1,000 inhabitants (Statista.com, 2024). Different classes of medications have their effective action on certain systems within the body. Beta-blockers are a type of cardiovascular medicine that decreases the heart rate and lowers the blood pressure by blocking adrenergic-beta receptors which prevent the effects of adrenergic hormones (Sorato et al. 2021). This is used in the treatment of diseases like hypertension and heart disease. Certain pharmacological agents also modify some parts of the immune system such as corticosteroids. These act by dampening the response of the immune system against the body which is useful in the treatment of autoimmune diseases but can lead to higher chances of getting an infection. Pharmacodynamics as a theory, and more particularly the receptor theory of drug action provides a basis for understanding the mechanism of drug action which involves receptors located in the cellular spaces (Parascandola, 2023). The present theory asserts that efficacy, potency, and therapeutic effect depend on the capacity of a drug to interact with appropriate receptor sites.

Opioids function through different binding actions to different receptors located in the brain and spinal cord reducing pain feeling and creating relaxing effects however they can lead to addiction. Non-opioids depend on the inhibition of enzymes involved in inflammation, mostly located at the peripheral tissues, which result not only in pain and inflammation relief but also spare the central nervous system from being affected directly.

Methods of Administration and Reasons for Their Use

Medication can be given in many ways, all of which are considered depending on the circumstances of the patient, the properties of the drug and actions required. Some of the major routes include oral, intravenous (IV), intramuscular, topical and subcutaneous (Pitiot et al. 2022). The oral route is the most common and simplest method of drug administration, possible with oral dosage forms taken by the GI tract. Nevertheless, this method can be slower in action since the drug has to be absorbed through the digestive system. The Intravenous (IV) route, on the other hand, involves the introduction of the drug directly into the bloodstream for quick action and can be used in emergency or acute cases. The intramuscular technique involves injecting the drug into the muscle and it is faster than oral but slower than IV injection (McCartan et al. 2021). Topical medications, which are to be used for direct effects, involve the application of drugs to the skin or mucous membranes. This is generally applied in the case of skin conditions or for pain relief in local areas. Subcutaneous administration involves the injection of a drug into a fatty tissue beneath the skin which enables prolonged administration of the medicine and is especially common with drugs like insulin. All forms of administration are dependent on certain criteria including the immediacy of the treatment, the patient’s willingness to follow instructions, and the properties of the drug among others (Ginley et al. 2021). An example in this context is where in case of acute infections, intravenous antibiotics are administered as opposed to oral ones since intravenous methods achieve better drug levels that are often critical in a life-threatening situation. On the other hand, oral antibiotics are better suited for less serious infections or maintenance therapy because of their simplicity and high compliance (Wildenthal et al. 2023). The route of exposure is influential in therapeutic effectiveness. Immediate availability is obtained for drugs that are given intravenously and they tend to give therapeutic effect quicker while with oral drugs there might be a lag onset due to the process of absorption in the gut. The intramuscular and subcutaneous routes are an intermediate and more comfortable route of administration than the intravenous route as more potent medications can be administered though at a slower absorption rate.

Depending on the clinical conditions of the patient, the types of drugs taken or the age of the person, particular drugs might not be in use. An example is people with any gastrointestinal problems or kidney issues are advised against taking NSAIDs, and opioids are also avoided for patients with respiratory depression or alcohol abuse problems due to the possible risk of addiction.

Legislation and Standards Governing Medicine Management

In the United Kingdom, several significant legal provisions must be observed when dealing with medicine management to promote the utmost protection of patients in healthcare facilities. The Medicines Act of 1968 is the law that provides for the appropriate use of medicine provision which governs how medicines can be marketed, supplied and even manufactured to ensure the safety and efficacy of the medicines (Legislation.gov.uk, 2024). This act relates to prescriptions, labelling, and marketing authorization which ensure the medicines available for use are registered and licensed. The Misuse of Drugs of 1971 aims to restrict the use of drugs with potential abuse and dependency on classifying them under A, B, and C drugs which are medically or Non medically abused and also come with restrictions on the writing and fulfilment of medical prescriptions and the possession and distribution of its base drugs (Health-ni.gov.uk, 2024). The Health and Social Care Act 2008 seeks to ensure that the health care system settings, that provide and administer medicines including in hospitals and care homes are kept in line with the laws and maintain good practice (Legislation.gov.uk, 2024). National Health Service, National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence and Care Quality Commission set additional standards to enrich the legal aspects of this point. NICE develops medicinal practices supported by firm evidence civil evaluations of healthcare services regarding proper medicine practices fall under the jurisdiction of CQC (Cqc.org.uk, 2024). These laws and standards have been put in place to protect service users from the abuse of the system regarding safe prescribing, occurrence of medication errors and drug abuse (Nice.org.uk, 2024). The law restricts drug handling to certain trained people and lays down tough measures concerning prescription, dispensing and consumption of drugs. For instance, the Misuse of Drugs Act imposes restrictions on certain drugs so that these forms of drugs are not misused (Gallagher et al. 2020). Likewise, the Medicines Act regulates and safeguards the quality and safety of medicines that are used in the practice of healthcare. These together, protect the patients from suffering by accessible inaccurate dosages, dangerous drug combinations and controlled substances that are not well maintained, thus all risks to service users are well mitigated and optimal service provision is guaranteed.

Local Policies Reflecting Legislation

The purpose of such policies is to reinforce the legally established policies within the given institution in regards to the management of germicides.' To make healthcare practitioners adhere to regulations such as the Medicines Act 1968 and the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971, these policies serve as mechanisms that put the policies into operational procedures (Legislation.gov.uk, 2024). For instance, as per the NHS policies concerning the administration of medication, drugs can only be given out by people with prescribed professional qualifications who perform the procedures according to an outline that incorporates measures of drug dosage, the patient's identity, and record-keeping (Begum et al. 2020). This shows concern on the part of laws about how drugs should be prescribed and how patients should take the drugs to reduce prescription errors by practitioners. Regarding medication management, rules from the NHS stipulate that medications, particularly those that are controversial, should be kept secured in a combination of cabinets and cupboards that only specific individuals may access (Romanis et al. 2022). This is an illustration of the above-mentioned act. For Recording information policies, which are the last category of effective policies, cover all actions related to any medication administered to a patient, starting with a prescription and ending with disposal or return for further storage of the unused remedy, which is very important for several reasons, such as: security, safety. Such administrative arrangements are very effective in maintaining adherence to the policies as well as safeguarding the patients from harm. Through adequate storage, proper administration, and well-kept records, drug errors such as wrong drug or wrong dose errors are mitigated (Smale et al. 2024). They are made medication error-free through compulsory double-checking, particularly for high-risk medication errors, and computer prescribing systems that highlight drug interaction/drug interaction and drug illness contraindications. In reality, such policies help in protecting the safety of the patients.

Conclusion

In conclusion, this paper has discussed various aspects related to the use of different medicines, including their therapeutic uses, physiological actions, and routes of delivery along with the legal provisions which govern their use. One can hardly envision the treatment of many conditions without such drugs as antibiotics, analgesics and antihypertensives, whose physiological effects and routes of delivery are very essential for the success of the treatment. The law and policies in the UK including the Medicines Act 1968 and NHS policies guarantee that these medicines are appropriately and safely controlled, thereby protecting patients from adverse events. Proper management of medication is vital in medicine and so healthcare assistants support these policies to protect patients as well as comply with regulations. Comprehension of these principles not only improves the delivery of healthcare services but also assists in advancing professional practice. Addressing these principles for healthcare assistants makes room for more learning and upward mobility in their careers. There is also the increasing need for education and training in pharmacology and medicine management which would help to take on more responsibilities that would help improve patient care and growth within medicine.

Individual Report

The objective of this report is to integrate all the different exercises done and include a critical assessment to the principles of management of medicines in healthcare systems more so concerning policy development, procedures including drug interaction policies, procedures and practices. The effective handling of medicines is of utmost importance in patient safety, treatment efficiency and in safeguarding the healthcare workers. Policies and procedures assist practitioners in an orderly and legally and ethically acceptable way of administering medicines.

This report draws attention to the importance of drug interactions, as they influence the efficacy and the adverse effects of medications, while also stressing the necessity of protection of service users and staff. Also, it pertains to the importance of law abidance when dealing with healthcare environments, as it aims to strengthen the measures taken to prevent any side effects arising from medication and to ensure that every person related to the process of managing medications receives the best results.

Understanding Drug Interactions

Definition and Types of Drug Interactions

Drug interactions refer to the change in the action of one drug caused by the influence of another drug (Tisdale et al. 2020). Such interaction can either diminish or augment the action of a certain drug or may lead to side effects that were not anticipated, therefore, making them very crucial in the field of medicine. Single articles classify drug interactions into several types.

Drug-Drug Interactions: These effects occur when two or more drugs interact, either increasing or decreasing. By way of example, these effects occur when warfarin (blood thinner) is taken with aspirin due to the concern of excessive bleeding (Wang et al. 2021).

Drug-Food Interactions: These occur when the consumption of specific food influences the absorption or effectiveness of a medication. For example, in such cases, drinking grapefruit juice can interfere with the enzymes that metabolize such drugs as statins, therefore causing an increase in the blood concentration of the drug.

Drug-Disease Interactions: This happens when a medicine aggravates an already prevailing disease. For example, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may worsen certain diseases like high blood pressure by inducing swelling (Bindu et al. 2020).

Impact of Drug Interactions on Efficacy and Side Effects

There’s no doubt that drug interactions can profoundly affect how well a given drug works and this may in turn lead to failure of treatment or undesirable effects instead. As an illustration of mental health, antidepressants that belong to the group of serotonin reuptake inhibitors for instance are likely to interact with tramadol and result in toxic serotonin syndrome – a deadly syndrome that presents with confusion, high blood pressure and muscle rigidity (Baldo and Rose, 2020). This interaction hampers the effects of the two drugs and brings grave consequences to one’s health. In 2020, 45% of those who died as a result of drug use in Europe were aged between 40 and 64 years, while 39% of drug deaths were among 25 to 39-year-olds. Norway was the country in Europe with the highest incidence of drug deaths in 2020 at 85 deaths per million population.

Figure 1: Share of drug use in the European Union in 2022, by type of drug

(Source: Statista.com, 2024)

In addition to pharmacological action, interactions may also impact the pharmacokinetics of the drugs given (Humeniuk et al. 2021). As an illustration, a patient under treatment with insulin and beta-blockers may have reduced awareness of episodes of low blood sugar, which might pose life-threatening risks if the lowering of these levels is not addressed (Crnobrnja et al. 2020). These examples show the importance of considering drug interactions when making healthcare systems or protocols. Thus, it is critical to know about these aspects of medications because if patients do not receive the full efficacy or even rather face serious negative effects it can be dangerous for health. Thus, healthcare providers need to possess a concise and well-rounded grasp of these interactions.

Policy and Procedure Development in Medicine Management

Considering Drug Interactions in Policy Development

Developing policies and procedures for the management of medicines, consideration of drug interactions is very important in promoting patient safety and treatment effectiveness. The policies must state how such risks will be potentially assessed, monitored, and managed. In that case, the use of electronic medical records and prescribing software to evaluate drug-drug interactions and other contraindications is an integral part of prescribing patterns (Al-Azayzih et al. 2020). Other policies may require that before dispensing a medication, the pharmacist as well as other healthcare providers must look at whether there are any contraindications from the use of the drug with food or in the presence of a disease.

It is significant to take into consideration the interactions of the drug with the users and the caregivers while designing the policies. The patients are safeguarded from drug reactions that may endanger their health. Teaching staff clear protocols to ensure that medications are properly in their hands reduces risks to the Healthcare organization as well as ensures that the staff works within the law and ethical standards in terms of drug management.

Critical Review of Policy Implementation

The extent to which that type of policy and procedure is practised in management of medicines goes a long way in safeguarding the service users and members of staff. Well-written policies take care of the issues of drug interaction by providing that they are always recognized, assessed and attended to. For instance, policies stating that certain medications should be screened for interactions before administration can help reduce adverse events like allergic reactions or less effective target action (Basak et al. 2021). This promotes the patient’s health in that optimal conditions are always maintained by addressing every risk potential.

For staff, adherence to these policies reduces the likelihood of medication errors and legal repercussions. It also promotes a culture of safety where healthcare workers are continually aware of potential risks associated with drug interactions. However, for policies to remain effective, continuous training and awareness programs are essential. Regular updates on new drug interactions, advancements in pharmacology, and refresher courses on best practices ensure that both new and experienced staff can implement medicine management procedures competently (Umar and Haque, 2022). This ongoing education is critical to maintaining high standards of care and minimizing the risks associated with medicine administration.

Safe Implementation of Medicine Management Policies

Own Setting’s Policies and Procedures

Specific policies and procedures apply in the healthcare context to ensure safe and effective administering, prescribing and managing of medicines. These are some of the practices including the standard procedure of undertaking a prescription review, house rules regarding checking the patient’s medication, and such like accuracy of dosage. Prescription of drugs must be done by a competent medical professional and concerning the prescribing of these drugs, any interaction with other drugs is reviewed via an electronic prescribing system and any risk flagged before the prescription is completed (England.nhs.uk, 2024).

Policies demand that staff follow up with patients for such adverse effects after the administration of medications and especially after those with high possibilities of interactions or side effects. In such cases, appropriate training is provided to the staff so that they document such a occurrence and inform someone in authority. Depending on the patient's situation, this protocol in the case of severe adverse effects involves changing or stopping to be given medication (Lan et al. 2020). This helps in maintaining the effectiveness of the drug while preventing the patient from dangered by the medication.

Safe Implementation under Supervision

Usually, these policies and procedures are put into practice by a senior healthcare manager who is typically in charge of drug therapy. Before medication is given to a patient, the staff has to check the medical and medication history of the patient as defined in the policy to determine if there are drugs that interact with other drugs (Hanson and Haddad, 2023). Also, the nurse and pharmacist providing supervision for the patient have to check the accuracy of the dose and route of administration ordered.

For example, in one scenario, a healthcare provider was completely responsible for an insulin-dependent patient who received the beta-blocking agents as well (Cacabelos et al. 2021). The policy required the provider to test the patient for blood glucose levels before insulin administration and after that, and to look for any signs of hypoglycemia, which is usually suppressed by the beta-blocker. This case demonstrates how compliance with policies on medication management and round-the-clock monitoring of the patient protects both the patient and the healthcare providers from possible adverse drug interaction complications. Adhering to these protocols provides safety in the healthcare setting and promotes accountability and a good level of care for patients.

Evaluation of Medicine Management Effectiveness

In this regard, policies and procedures directing the administration and management of medicines in a healthcare setting have been effective in enhancing patient safety and also in promoting compliance with best practices. Important components of this implementation are reliable medication reconciliation, vigilant patient monitoring, and adherence to procedures for preventing potential drug-drug interactions (Beuscart et al. 2021). It has assisted in reducing the occurrence of adverse drug reactions and preserving the therapeutic effect, especially in patients who are on a complex medication schedule.

One aspect that proved effective was the implementation of the electronic prescription system that highlighted medication conflict – drug-drug and drug-disease where necessary so that appropriate actions could be taken by the health care professional before the patient is administered the medication (Diesveld et al. 2021). By complying with these systems in their requirements and the supervision plans, the health care workers have been able to put in an effective safety control measure which lessens the risk of the patients suffering from drug interactions and the chances of adverse reactions.

Nevertheless, concerns arose in the actual carrying out stage of the research, more specifically in the multi-disciplinary communication. For instance, such delays made it difficult to be certain of the patients since the clinicians were uncertain of them when administration was needed (Leeftink et al. 2020). To lessen this, more practising interrelating within intervals between the departments was conducted, as well as writing documents regarding patients in one system. This promotion of inter-relational boundaries assured that the administration of medication was compliant the patient’s condition and previous history. The other problem was the limitation of time due to rush hours, which at times forced the people manning the drugs to administer them without checking properly, all the necessary interactions for each drug. To counter this, staff was educated on techniques such as giving riskier drugs the priority and working together with workmates during rush hours so that these critical checks are done efficiently and without endangering patients.

Justification for Policy Development Based on Drug Interactions

It is essential to incorporate drug interactions, adverse events, and drug reactions when designing any documents aimed at the management of medicines to safeguard and maximise the outcome for the patient. Drug interactions can dramatically change the therapeutic activity of a drug, both increasing the risk of side effects or decreasing the therapeutic efficiency (Malki and Pearson, 2020). If these drug interactions and relationships are not considered, patients may endure adverse effects such as allergies, unresponsiveness to drugs, or even serious side effects like serotonin syndrome or accumulation of toxic drugs.

Guidelines regarding drug interactions ensure the risks are eliminated by the healthcare providers. For example, healthcare providers can use complete electronic prescribing systems that automatically warn against such interactions before the major interactions are carried out, thereby protecting the patients from unnecessary harm (Elshayib and Pawola, 2020). Furthermore, incorporating guidelines on reviewing the complete profile of patients will assist the healthcare staff in knowing how drug-food and disease-drug interactions can be avoided in patients with chronic diseases like diabetes or hypertension.

There are various drug interactions that doctors may not be flexible enough to think of, mostly because of a lack of knowledge. Such a strict viewpoint can cause treatment failure due to neglect of very real drug-drug interactions proverbial elsewhere in the narrative. Taking interactions with other medications into account when managing medicines is essential if want to provide an efficient and safe treatment (Hanson and Haddad, 2023). Though, these policies protect not only patients but also assist healthcare practitioners in making safe and riskless decisions and decrease legal risks and increase treatment efficacy in healthcare facilities.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the main emphasis of the report is on the importance of policies and procedures that govern medicine management safely and emphasises the minimisation of drug interactions, adverse events, and reactions. Gentle yet shit with these directives… Helps the patient and the provider both in ascertaining safe treatment and reducing the risks. As such, these policies may influence healthcare providers and protect patients from the negative consequences of drug interactions. Therefore, compliance with well-articulated, supportive policies is crucial in ensuring patient safety and the effective administration of medicines in health care endeavours. Furthermore, training and supervision improve these measures of safety even more.

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Author Bio

Nina Hart   10 Years | PhD

Hello medical students! I am Nina and I have done a bachelor's, master's and PhD as a medical student. I was the topper of the class and always secured the best grades on research papers. Times may have changed but still, my techniques and writing styles have helped 200+ students get the best marks. If you also want my guidance, I am there for you 24/7.